Chapter 4 Consciousness Practice questions & terms & review & quiz

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?

The hypothalamus

Which of the following brain scanning techniques enable researchers to identify five stages of sleep?

Electroencephalogram

Emilia was born with severe limb, head, and facial deformities. Which of the following words describes her condition?

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Which of the following is a characteristic of paradoxical sleep?

High brain activity and low muscle tone.

What is one of the problems with the purported benefits of meditation and mindfulness?

Meditation and mindfulness methods vary and cannot be generalized across all the various forms of the practice.

Which one of the following terms has a nickname of "Dracula hormone"?

Melatonin

As tolerance develops, what happens to the margin of safety?

Narrow

Which of the following options BEST represent the amount of recommended sleep people should get as they age as well as the amount of sleep people report getting?

Recommended amount decreases and reported amount decreases

On which of the following neurotransmitters does LSD act?

Serotonin

Which of the following BEST illustrates how sleep benefits memory?

Sleep boosts storage of previously processed information.

Which one of the following is a function of sleep?

Sleep improves the body's immune functioning.

Which of the following BEST characterizes Stage II sleep?

Sleep spindles

Select the BEST answer choice for the amount of time spent in slow wave sleep as compared to the amount of time spent in REM as the night progresses.

Slow wave sleep decreases and REM sleep increases

Which one of the following stages of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles?

Stage ll

latent content

according to Freud, the symbolic meaning of a dream

manifest content

according to Freud, what the dreamer recalls on awakening

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

active ingredient in marijuana that affects learning, short-term memory, coordination, emotion, and appetite

REM sleep

active state of sleep in which the person's eyes move

Gilberto experienced a sudden rush of energy and pleasurable sensations after taking a drug that blocked the reuptake of dopamine. The drug used by Gilberto was most likely

cocaine.

Substance use disorder

condition in which a person cannot control his or her drug use

enuresis

condition in which a person over 5 shows an inability to control urination during sleep

tolerance

condition in which more of a drug is needed to achieve the same effect

REM behvior disorder

condition in which normal muscle paralysis does not occur, leading to violent movements during sleep

sleep disorder

disturbance in the normal pattern of sleeping

depressants

drug that inhibits or slows down normal neural functioning

hallucinogens

drug that simultaneously excites and inhibits normal neural activity, thereby causing distortions in perception

stiumlants

drug that speeds up normal brain functioning

consciousness

feelings, thoughts, and aroused states of which we are aware

REM rebound

loss of REM sleep is recouped by spending more time in REM on subsequent nights

withdrawal symptoms

physical or behavioral effect that occurs after a person stops using a drug

After how many days of sleep deprivation does research suggest the immune system weakens?

two

night terror

very frightening non-REM sleep episode

Vivian ran out of money and was unable to buy heroin. She began experiencing shaking, sweating, pain, and headaches. Which of the following words describes what she was experiencing?

withdrawal

Which of the following is the most commonly used drug in the U.S.?

Caffeine

Which one of the following statements is true about alcohol?

Chronic alcohol use can lead to Korsakoff's syndrome.

Jonathon got very little sleep and consequently felt muscle aches and pains the next day. What characteristics of sleep did Jonathon most likely miss out on? Select all that apply.

Delta wave emissions and Growth hormone release.

Which one of the following is a true statement regarding the need for sleep?

Doing certain activities before bed can disrupt sleep.

What is the relationship between sleep and Alzheimer's disease?

During sleep, metabolites that are known to contribute to Alzheimer's disease are removed from the brain.

Chapter 4 Review Questions

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Quiz

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Terms

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explain why we sleep and understand the variables that influence individual variations in the amount of sleep we need

1. describe the five primary functions of sleep. 2. explain how lifestyle factors may impact a human's need for sleep. 3. discuss which factors affect how much sleep humans need. 4. explain why infants need more sleep than adults 5. discuss how a lack of sleep may impact brain function, cognition, learning, and memory

detail the experience of hypnosis, describe hypnotic susceptibility, and apply the neodissociation and response set theories to how hypnosis occurs

1. describe which factors make people more susceptible to hypnosis 2. discuss controversies in the use of hypnosis, and differentiate between what hypnosis can and cannot do. 3. define hypnosis, and discuss the applications of this altered state of consciousness. 4. differentiate between neodissociation and response set theories of hypnosis.

describe how our circadian rhythm of sleep operates, and apply how disruptions in this circadian rhythm influence our behavior

1. describe why jet lag occurs 2. define the concept of circadian rhythm. 3. explain how working the night shift disrupts normal circadian rhythms. 4. explain what systems regulate the human circadian rhythm.

identify depressants, opiates, stimulants, and hallucinogens, and describe the effects these types of drugs have on our health, cognition, and behavior

1. differentiate between opiates, narcotics, and stimulants in terms of their effects on the nervous system and behavior. 2. describe the effects of fetal alcohol syndrome 3. explain when binge drinking occurs and describe the effects of binge drinking on human health. 4. provide an example of a depressant drug and describe one short-term and one long-term effect of that drug on the nervous system.

distinguish between meditation and mindfulness and detail the research limitations in understanding the benefits of these practices,

1. discuss controversies related to the health benefits of mindfulness and meditation. 2. explain why the purported benefits of mindfulness and meditation may be viewed with skepticism 3.define meditation and mindfulness practices, providing an example of each practice.

compare and contrast the different theories on dreaming,

1. discuss how Threat Simulation Theory fits into evolutionary theory. 2. discuss the difference between the continuity hypothesis and memory theory. 3. explain what happens when we dream according to activation-synthesis theory. 4. describe Freud's theory of dreaming, differentiating between latent and manifest content.

Depressants :

1. drug 2. brain effect 3. outcome

Hallucinogens

1. drug 2. brain effect 3. outcome

Opiates

1. drug 2. brain effect 3. outcome

Stimulants

1. drug 2. brain effect 3. outcome

describe the stages we progress through during a typical night of sleep,

1. explain why it is more difficult to wake people up during stages III and IV of sleep. 2. explain how we cycle through the various stages of sleep during an average night. 3. discuss which brain waves are associated with the different stages of sleep. 4. differentiate between REM and Non-REM sleep.

describe and distinguish among the various sleep disorders,

1. explain why narcolepsy, sleepwalking, and sleep apnea can be hazardous to one's health. 2. describe the difference between sleep terrors and nightmares. 3. define what happens in three different sleep disorders. 4. define enuresis and explain when it is most likely to occur during the lifespan.

define tolerance and substance use disorder, and explain how one's biology, expectations, and culture influence how psychoactive drugs work,

1. provide an example of how biology, expectations, and culture influence how psychoactive drugs work. 2. discuss the behavioral characteristics of substance use disorder. 3. explain when withdrawal symptoms are most likely to occur in substance use disorders. 4. define the concept of tolerance, and describe when it is most likely to occur.

examine the scientific research to critically evaluate what hypnosis can and cannot do for you,

1.discuss controversies in the study and practice of hypnosis. 2. explain how hypnosis may impact athletes, clients experiencing pain, and those who are suffering from addiction. 3. discuss the controversy surrounding recovered memories and age regression. 4. describe two functions of hypnosis, providing an example of who might most benefit from these interventions.

Amphetamines

2. Affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine levels in the brain 3. Enhanced mood and pleasure, energy, alertness, and reduced appetite. Can lead to a crash in energy levels, paranoia, and depressed mood

Marijuana

2. Binds to a neurotransmitter called anandamide 3. In low doses, makes users feel good and experience vivid sensations as well as slowing reaction time and interfering with memory formation. In high doses, may produce panic reactions, disturbed thoughts, paranoia, and distortions in time and body image.

Cocaine and Crack

2. Blocks a protein called the dopamine transporter which helps in the reuptake of dopamine into the sending neuron 3. Produces instant surge of arousal, feelings of pleasure and optimism, decreased appetite and increased heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness

Alcohol

2. Increases gamma aminobutyric acid. Also depresses functioning of the cerebral cortex and brain stem. 3. Feeling calm and relaxed, acting sociable, slowing reaction times, slurring speech, and impairing judgment

Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)

2. Influences (mostly) serotonin by binding to transports to free up serotonin transmission 3. Enhance mood and energy levels and heighten users' sensations

Nicotine

2. Influences acetylcholine and glutamate; also, elevates dopamine levels. 3. In low doses can improve attention and memory as well as increase feelings of pleasure and reward. In high doses, can cause vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and dizziness

Barbiturates and Sedatives

2. Influences gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and slows the nervous system 3. Promoting relaxation and in high doses impairing motor functioning, memory, and judgment

Phencyclidine (PCP)

2. Inhibits the neurotransmitter glutamate 3. In low doses, it can produce a sudden increase in blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing. In higher doses, it can produce a drop in blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiration.

Opiates

2. Mimics pain-inhibiting neurotransmitters such as endorphins. Excites brain areas related to pleasure 3. Temporary pain relief and a rush of pleasure-like sensation. Chronic use brings dependence physical withdrawal symptoms and risk of overdose

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

2. Stimulates serotonin receptors 3. The main effects include emotional and sensory alteration. Increased blood pressure, heart rate, dizziness, loss of appetite, and nausea may also occur.

Caffeine

2.Blocks neurotransmitters (mainly adenosine) that slows down the nervous system and causes sleep 3. In small doses, it gives a boost that increases alertness and focus. In large doses, it can cause insomnia, upset stomach, racing heartbeat, nervousness, and irritability.

Which one of the following statements about sleep is true?

African Americans have more sleep problems than European Americans

Which ethnic group has the lowest rate of illegal drug use?

Asian Americans

Which of the following drug classes are considered "downers"?

Barbiturates

Of the following, which is most likely to increase a person's vulnerability to a substance use disorder?

Being around a pipe or needle

Jermaine woke up not remembering what happened to him and noticed scratches and marks all over his chest. As the day progressed and after talking to a few friends, he remembered going out and having a drink. He met a girl, and things got blurry after that. What could have happened to Jermaine?

His drink was laced with Rohypnol.

Which one of the following statements about microsleep is true?

It appears to help a person survive by preventing total sleep deprivation.

Select all that apply: Depressants are to alcohol as hallucinogens are to

LSD and marijuana.

What is thought to cause narcolepsy?

Loss of specific chemical-related neurons in the hypothalamus

Which one of the following issues can be successfully treated with hypnosis and has been extensively documented for doing so?

Pain relief

Which one of the following is the most reported sleep ritual in the US, Japan, Canada, Germany, Mexico, and the UK?

Watching television

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

birth condition resulting from the mother's chronic use of alcohol during pregnancy

microsleep

brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of a wakeful activity

nightmare

brief scary REM dream that is often remembered

circadian rhythm

changes in bodily processes that occur repeatedly on approximately a 24- to 25-hour cycle

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

group of cells signaling other areas when to be aroused and when to shut down

melatonin

hormone in the body that facilitates sleep

response set of hypnosis

hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness, but a cognitive set responding to suggestions

Alcohol produces feelings of relaxation and disinhibited emotional responses by

influencing GABA and slowing cerebral cortex functioning.

opiate

painkilling drug that depresses some brain areas and excites others

As opposed to poor sleepers, good sleepers adhere to

regular sleep and wake schedules.

non-REM sleep

relaxing state of unconsciousness in which the person's eyes do not move

insomnia

sleep disorder in which a person cannot get to sleep and/or stay asleep

hypnosis

state of heightened suggestibility

Caffeine and nicotine are examples of drugs that increase neural activity and speed up body functions. These drugs are known as

stimulants.

psychoactive drugs

substance that influences the brain and thereby the individual's behavior

threat simulation theory (TST)

suggests dreaming is a biological defense mechanism for rehearsing responses to potential events

activation-synthesis theory

suggests that dreams are the by-product of the brain's random firing of neural impulses

If a drug user requires a higher dose to achieve a drug's effect, this person is demonstrating

tolerance.