Chapter 4
The smallest object that can be seen with the "naked eye" is approximately ________ in size. A) 1 mm B) 0.5 mm C) 0.1-0.2 mm D) 10 micrometers E) 1 micrometer
0.1-0.2 mm
According to the figure below, approximately how many times larger is a nucleus compared to a protein? A) 10 times larger B) 100 times larger C) 1,000 times larger D) 10,000 times larger
1,000 times larger
Most human cells contain ________ chromosomes. A) 36 B) 46 C) 2 D) 23
46
Which of the following organelles is/are bound by a double membrane? A) nucleus B) lysosome C) mitochondria D) peroxisome E) Golgi apparatus F) A and B G) A and C F) A, B, and C
A and C
List the four facts that make up the cell theory.
All organisms are mad of cells. Cell is simplest form matter can have. Cell structure is correlated with function. All cells related by their decent from earlier cells.
Which domains of life are classified as prokaryotes? A) Bacteria and Eukarya B) Bacteria and Archaea C) Archaea and Fungi D) Bacteria and Protista
Bacteria and Archaea
Which of the following is a characteristic of chloroplasts that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria? A) Chloroplasts have cell walls. B) Chloroplasts contain pigments. C) Chloroplasts have their own DNA. D) A single, highly folded plasma membrane surrounds chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts have their own DNA.
Animal cells lack a cell wall, but most animal cells secrete a sticky coat called the __________.
Extracellular Matrix
Cilia and flagella are found only in organisms belonging to Kingdom Protista.
FALSE
In cell membranes, the hydrophilic heads of phospholipids are located in the interior of the lipid bilayer.
FALSE
Plant cells do not have mitochondria because they have chloroplasts instead.
FALSE
Prokaryotes have a single, linear chromosome.
FALSE
________ store the information necessary to produce proteins. A) Lysosomes B) Genes C) Ribosomes D) Carbohydrates
Genes
The endomembrane system includes ________. A) ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus, nucleolus, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum D) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is the most common pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? A) rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → nucleus B) Golgi → rough ER → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane C) rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane D) rough ER → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
Golgi → rough ER → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes? A) It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus. B) It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA. C) It synthesizes secreted proteins. D) It assembles ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus.
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.
Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria? A) Mitochondria have cell walls. B) The plasma membrane of a mitochondrion, forming the surface of this organelle, is the site of many important steps of cellular respiration. C) Mitochondria have their own DNA. D) Mitochondria rely upon proteins as their source of energy.
Mitochondria have their own DNA.
What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts? A) Mitochondria can sometimes divide to produce chloroplasts. B) Only mitochondria have their own DNA. C) Some mitochondria have chloroplasts inside of them. D) Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.
Only mitochondria have their own DNA.
________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes. A) Steroids B) Fatty acids C) Starches D) Phospholipids
Phospholipids
List the four structures that are found in all cells.
Plasma Membrane. Cytosol. Chromosomes. Ribosomes.
_____________ was the first scientist to observe cells with the microscope.
Robert Hooke
Cell walls can be found in both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
TRUE
In chloroplasts, photosynthesis is performed in the grana.
TRUE
The nuclear envelope consists of a double membrane.
TRUE
Which statement about prokaryotes is FALSE? A) Pili help prokaryotes attach to surfaces. B) A capsule may be located external to the cell wall. C) Most prokaryotes have a cell wall. D) The cell wall is internal to the cell membrane.
The cell wall is internal to the cell membrane.
Tobacco smokers (and those exposed to tobacco smoke) are at greater risk of an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Based on your understanding of the structures of the cytoskeleton, what is the BEST explanation? A) Tobacco interferes with the microtubule network of eggs thus weakening their structure. B) Tobacco interferes with the functioning of the flagella propelling sperm. C) Tobacco interferes with microfilament formation in sperm, thereby forcing the zygote to implant in a fallopian tube. D) Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.
Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.
The nuclear envelope is composed of ________. A) chromatin B) DNA C) a double membrane D) carbohydrates
a double membrane
Plants are susceptible to bacterial infections, which can damage their structure or even kill them. Which of the following would be the best antibiotic to treat a plant that is infected with bacteria? A) a drug that interferes with mitochondria function B) a drug that disrupts cell wall structure and function C) a drug that destroys the central vacuole D) a drug that blocks gene expression in circular chromosomes
a drug that blocks gene expression in circular chromosomes
Microtubules are associated with ________. A) cilia B) flagella C) cell shape D) all of the answer choices
all of the answer choices
Some ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol of a cell, whereas other ribosomes ________. A) make proteins inside the nucleus B) are found on the plasma membrane C) are attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) are attached to the outside of the nucleus
are attached to the outside of the nucleus
A hormone that will be secreted from a cell is manufactured by ribosomes ________. A) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum B) attached to the Golgi apparatus C) attached to the plasma membrane D) inside the nucleus
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma membrane
boundary between cell and external
Nuclear envelope environment
boundary between nucleus and cytoplasm
Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells? A) cell theory B) Hooke's rule C) evolutionary theory D) Mendel's law
cell theory
Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ________. A) cell wall and a contractile vacuole B) cell wall and a central vacuole C) nucleus and a cell wall D) nucleus and a contractile vacuole
cell wall and a central vacuole
Nucleus
central command center for cell activity
Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? A) lysosome B) central vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome
central vacuole
In plant cells, ________ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons. A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) lysosomes D) central vacuoles
central vacuoles
Which plant organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) mitochondrion C) ribosome D) chloroplast
chloroplast
Grana and stroma are all components found in A) vacuoles. B) chloroplasts. C) mitochondria. D) lysosomes. E) nuclei.
chloroplasts
The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ________. A) nucleoli B) RNA C) chromatin D) ribosomes
chromatin
The figure below shows a Paramecium, a single-celled freshwater protist. The hairlike structures visible on the Paramecium allow it to move. These structures are ________. A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) flagella D) cilia
cilia
The extracellular matrix of animal cells consists of a protein called ________, which holds cells together in tissues and has supportive and protective functions.
collagen
The inner membrane of mitochondria is often highly folded. These folds are called ___________.
cristae
In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane? A) cytoplasm B) phospholipid bilayer C) nucleoid D) chloroplast
cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
detoxification of drugs
If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ________. A) shrivel B) divide into two cells C) digest itself D) need to manufacture more lysosomes
digest itself
Lysosomes are responsible for ________. A) lipid synthesis B) cellular respiration C) digestion of organic matter inside the cell D) protein synthesis
digestion of organic matter inside the cell
Lysosome
disposal of worn out cells
Mitochondria
energy production
Our current understanding of the structure of the plasma membrane is represented by the ______________ model (two words). In this model, the membrane is a mixture of which two basic types of biomolecules? _______________ and ________________
fluid mosaic. lipids. proteins.
Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes ________. A) have a simpler structure and appeared on earth after eukaryotes B) have a simpler structure and appeared on earth before eukaryotes C) have a more complex structure and appeared on earth before eukaryotes D) have a more complex structure and appeared on earth after eukaryotes
have a simpler structure and appeared on earth before eukaryotes
When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ________. A) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water B) have hydrophilic fatty acid tails that are attracted to water and hydrophobic phosphate groups that avoid water C) have hydrophilic heads that are attracted to their hydrophobic tails D) are both fluid and mosaic
have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water
One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ________ prokaryotic cells. A) have DNA, which is lacking in B) have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in C) have a plasma membrane, which is lacking in D) have a nucleoid region, which is lacking in
have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in
A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives ________. A) in a marine environment B) within the cells of another organism C) in fresh water D) in ice
in fresh water
According to the fluid mosaic model, a membrane ________. A) is composed of a fluid bilayer of phospholipids between two layers of proteins B) is composed of a single layer of fluid phospholipids between two layers of proteins C) is composed of a mosaic of fluid polysaccharides and proteins D) is composed of a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
is composed of a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ________. A) steroid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification B) lipid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification C) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification D) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and storage of genetic information
lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification
Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in ________ cells. A) brain B) liver C) intestinal D) muscle
liver
Tay-Sachs disease results from ________ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme. A) the Golgi apparatus B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes
Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ________. A) mRNA B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) DNA D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
mRNA
The inner membrane of a mitochondrion encloses a thick fluid called the __________.
matrix
Vacuoles are ________. A) membranous sacs B) manufactured by ribosomes C) composed of microtubules D) found only in plant cells
membranous sacs
Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the bound cyanide is likely to be localized within the ________. A) mitochondria B) peroxisomes C) lysosomes D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
During a race such as a marathon, the skeletal muscle cells in your legs use a lot of energy to continually contract and power your muscles. What organelle is most likely abundant in skeletal muscle cells? A) mitochondria B) Golgi apparatus C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) rough endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
Which of the following is the smallest structure that would most likely be visible with a standard microscope? A) mitochondrion B) protein C) ribosome D) virus
mitochondrion
Which one of the following organelles contains DNA? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome
mitochondrion
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? A) lysosome B) mitochondrion C) Golgi apparatus D) peroxisome
mitochondrion
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? A) chloroplast B) central vacuole C) mitochondrion D) centriole E) lysosome
mitochondrion
Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from ________. A) a bacterium, but not a eukaryote B) an animal, but not a plant C) nearly any eukaryotic organism D) a plant, but not an animal
nearly any eukaryotic organism
In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is found in a region of the cell called the ___________.
nucleoid
Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes? A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) endoplasmic reticulum D) nucleolus
nucleolus
Where does protein synthesis take place? A) in the nucleolus B) on smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) on ribosomes D) in the nucleus
on ribosomes
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? A) muscle cell B) nerve cell C) bacterial cell D) phagocytic white blood cell
phagocytic white blood cell
The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ________. A) phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane B) phospholipids but not proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane C) most proteins but not phospholipids to drift about in the plane of the membrane D) carbohydrates to drift into and out of the membrane structure
phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane
Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells but NOT eukaryotic cells? A) pili B) cell wall C) flagella D) DNA
pili
You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it is likely to be a(n) ________ cell. A) prokaryotic B) animal C) bacterial D) plant
plant
A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely ________. A) producing large quantities of proteins for secretion B) producing large quantities of proteins in the cytosol C) producing large quantities of carbohydrates to assemble an extensive cell wall matrix D) producing large quantities of carbohydrates for storage in the vacuole
producing large quantities of proteins for secretion
When using a microscope to view cells you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cells lack nuclei; therefore, you conclude that the cells must be a type of ________ cell. A) plant B) eukaryotic C) fungal D) prokaryotic
prokaryotic
The extracellular matrix of animal cells ________. A) protects and support cells B) provides avenues for the exchange of DNA C) is a warehouse for the storage of extra lipids and carbohydrates D) is primarily a site of dead matter and waste materials
protects and support cells
Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus? A) digestion of organic matter inside the cell B) protein modification C) drug detoxification D) cell respiration
protein modification
Ribosome
protein synthesis
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane? A) regulate the traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell B) regulate the production of lipids in the cell C) regulate the production of DNA in and out of the nucleus D) regulate the production of proteins in the cell
regulate the traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell
Which of the following are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells? A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) chloroplasts D) endoplasmic reticulum E) cell wall
ribosomes
Cells in the thyroid gland produce and secrete thyroid hormone (a polymer of amino acids) that helps to regulate metabolism. What organelle is most likely abundant in cells of the thyroid gland? A) mitochondria B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) free ribosomes D) lysosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
shipping and packaging center of the cell
Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ________. A) of sunlight to energy stored in organic compounds B) stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP C) stored in ATP to energy stored in food molecules D) stored in ATP to energy used to do work
stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP
Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ________. A) surrounded by two membranes B) able to synthesize carbohydrates C) manufactured by the nucleolus D) able to synthesize lipids
surrounded by two membranes
Nucleolus
synthesis of mRNA
A cell with a predominance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is likely specialized to ________. A) store large quantities of water B) import and export large quantities of protein C) actively secrete large quantities of protein D) synthesize large quantities of lipids
synthesize large quantities of lipids
Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company? A) the Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) chloroplasts D) the nucleolus
the Golgi apparatus
Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration? A) the cristae of a mitochondrion B) the outer membrane of a chloroplast C) the grana of a chloroplast D) the endoplasmic reticulum
the cristae of a mitochondrion
Examine the structures of the plant and animal cells below. Which of the following organelles connect(s) to the nuclear envelope? A) the Golgi apparatus B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum
the endoplasmic reticulum
In bacteria, DNA will be found in ________. A) a membrane-enclosed nucleus B) mitochondria C) the nucleoid D) ribosomes E) pili
the nucleoid
What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus? A) transport proteins B) central vacuole C) transport vesicles D) nucleolus
transport vesicles
