Chapter 4 Material PSY220

At about 1 year of age, a child's emerging sense of _____ and _____ leads to a new consciousness of others.

"me"; "mine"

3 dimensions of temperament

-effortful control: able to regulate attention and emotion, to self-soothe -negative mood: fearful , angry, unhappy -exuberance: active, social, not shy

in the US, the military allows _____ of paid leave for fathers

10 days

Approximately how many births occurred in 2017?

150 million

based on the standards developed by NAEYC for infants, the appropriate ratio of adults to babies in a day care classroom is:

1:4

Before the age of _____ significant differences in allocare are present.

2 years

% infants in US cared for exclusively by their mothers for first year

20%

what percentage of infants are classified as having an "easy" temperament"?

40%

What percentage of mothers of infants under the age of 1 year were in the labor force in the United States in 2015?

58%

in a study that examined 4-month-old infants during and immediately after a still-face episode, how many were considered negatively engaged?

7 percent

A baby's brain responds to signs of fear in other people. The baby is probably at least:

8 months

stranger wariness is first noticeable at

9 months of age

Based on your understanding of center-based care, which region is LEAST likely to have heavily subsidized infant care by the government?

Africa

based on your understanding of center-based care, which region is least likely to have heavily subsidized infant care by the government?

Africa

which nation attempted to increase the birth rate by paying parents $5,000 for each newborn and providing paid parental leave

Australia

based on your understanding of center-based care, which nation is most likely to have heavily subsidized infant care by the government?

Israel

According to behaviorist _____, failure to bring up a happy, well-adjusted child (assuming physical health) is completely on the parents' shoulders.

John Watson

Zondra's 1-year-old nephew is looking out the window when a loud fire engine approaches with a screaming siren. Even after the truck passes, her nephew remains upset. Why?

Many 1-year olds fear anything expected

What professional organization in the United States is responsible for standards of care for babies from birth to 15 months?

NAEYC

A newborn infant comes home from the hospital, and all appears to be well. He looks happy and relaxed after being fed and drifts off to sleep. Within a few weeks, however, everyone is on edge due to the infant's bouts of uncontrollable crying. The pediatrician has advised the family that:

Some infants have bouts of colic, which is probably the result of immature digestion

Which nation has the greatest length of approved parental leave for parents?

Spain

temperament involves:

a genetic predisposition in emotions, activity, and self-regulation

In cognitive theory, there is a set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experience. These assumptions are called:

a working model

Research has demonstrated that childhood temperament evolves into

adult personality

According to Freud, the primary source of gratification during the second year of life is the:

anus

percentage of infants in US cared for exclusively by their mothers for the first year

approximately 20 percent

Proximity-seeking and behaviors that help to maintain contact are displays of:

attachment

during this stage of attachment, young children seek their caregiver's praise and reassurance as their environment expands. Children not only expect caregivers to comfort them but also to entertain them

attachment as a launching pad

In this stage of attachment, adults develop relationships with others, which are influenced by earlier attachment patterns.

attachment revisited

which is NOT an agreed upon conclusion by developmentalists regarding child care?

attachment to a caregiver is not necessary for psychological adjustment

Using his understanding of Erikson's stages of development, Brien explains to her that her child will pass through a stage called _____ versus shame as she undergoes potty training.

autonomy

Linda has a daughter named Allison who is 2 years old. Every time Allison takes a toy from her baby brother, he cries. Linda punishes Allison by putting her in a time-out chair each time she does this. While she may not realize it, Linda is using a behavior modification technique that is based on the theories of the _____ school.

behavioral

which perspective suggests that parents mold an infant's emotions and personality as they reinforce or punish their child

behaviorism

Infants' emotional development, particularly for emotions that are in response to others, is directly related to:

brain development

According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment will:

continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence

the first emotional expressions to emerge at birth are

crying and contentment

Baby Isabel is impulsive and prone to dramatic changes in emotion. She has difficulty calming down when she is upset. Isabel appears low in the _____ dimension of temperament.

effortful control

The expressions of guilt and shame are often mistaken for one another. The emotion of guilt involves:

empathy for others -involves wanting to take back the consequences of actions -shame= feeling exposed

Dr. Rojo conducted a longitudinal study on infant temperament, testing the same group of children at ages 4, 9, 14, 24, and 48 months. She found that exuberant infants did not change much, reacting the same way and having similar brain-wave patterns when confronted with frightening experiences every time they were tested. Inhibited, fearful infants, however, altered their responses as they grew older. This probably speaks to the influence of:

environment

There are several new emotions, such as jealousy, which appear in toddlerhood that require social awareness from:

family interactions

Ruth Ann does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother when she returns. Ruth Ann's behavior is MOST characteristic of _____ attachment. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

insecure-avoidant attachment

Samantha is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and observes a day-care center to see if she can distinguish the different types. She sees one or two children who are dropped off and begin to play right away. They do not seem to mind that their mothers have left them for the day. In fact, one little boy seems to ignore his mother as she waves goodbye. He may be displaying which style?

insecure-avoidant attachment

which attachment pattern involves an infant who resists separation, is preoccupied with the parents' absence, and seeks contact when reunited with caregiver

insecure-resistant/ ambivalent

separation anxiety:

is an infant's distress when a caregiver leaves

Lottie is 3 months old. Her MOST sophisticated emotional capability is:

laughter, curiosity

research indicates that _____ children in most nations, except the US, is most likely to be in exclusive maternal care

low-income

As compared with the quality of publicly funded day care, the quality of privately funded day care is:

more variable

Approximately 20 percent of infants in the United States are cared for exclusively by their _____ for the first year.

mothers

what kind of leave can be taken by either parent following the birth of their child

parental leave

Throughout the second year and beyond, _____, which require social awareness and emerge from family interactions, appear.

pride, shame, embarrassment, disgust, and guilt

Henry crawls after his mother when she leaves the room. In terms of attachment, Henry is exhibiting what is known as _____ behavior.

proximity-seeking

autonomy vs shame & doubt is central to erikson's _____ theory

psychosocial

The importance of synchrony is that infants learn to

read others' emotions and develop social skills

Based on your understanding of separation anxiety, how should a parent respond if their infant screams and refuses to let go of them when presented with staying with a babysitter for the evening?

recognize it's a typical response & their child is developing normally

an emotion that indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by a greater increase in the production of cortisol is:

sadness

Alice takes her 1-year-old son, Derek, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Derek eagerly explores the room as long as Alice is present. When Alice leaves the room to fill out some forms, Derek becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, Derek quickly calms down. Derek's attachment style is MOST likely:

secure

the attachment pattern in which an infant welcomes his mother upon her return and then returns to play after a brief separation is:

secure

14-month-old watches his older brother giggle and roll on the floor at spongebob on the tv. he then laughs and rolls on the floor too. this is an example of:

social learning

The _____ theory helps to explain the effects of distal and proximal parenting with regard to the emotional development of the child.

social learning

at about 6 weeks, an infant expresses happiness in response to a human face by displaying a

social smile

During the first months of life, _____ appear(s) as the cortex matures

social smiles & laughter

An integral element in a synchronous exchange is

split-second timing

Two fears that infants form at about 9 months are

stranger wariness and separation anxiety

infants engage in _____ and proximity-seeking to show their attachment

synchronicity

Infants learn to develop social skills, such as paying attention and taking turns, as well as learning to read the emotions of others through:

synchrony

a mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant:

synchrony

Dr. Nguyen is analyzing the duration, tone, and loudness of infants' cries immediately after they receive their first inoculation. Dr. Nguyen is MOST likely engaged in a study of:

temperament

Personality traits, such as honesty and humility, are thought to be primarily learned, whereas _____ traits, such as shyness and aggression, are considered primarily genetic.

temporamental

What research was the first to recognize that newborns have distinct inborn traits?

the New York Longitudinal Study

A mother and her infant are at a table in the food court in the mall. The mother is eating and engrossed in reading a magazine. Her child is frowning, kicking, and fussing, as if to say, "Pay attention to me!" If these types of interactions continue throughout the infant's first year of life, researchers have concluded that:

the mother's unresponsiveness to an infant's needs can have adverse effects on the child

how do people become fixated in a Freudian stage?

their normal developmental urges are somehow frustrated

A disorganized attached child is likely to display what characteristics later in life?

they may demonstrate odd behaviors and be at risk for serious psychological disorders

which characteristic has NOT been identified as an essential component of high-quality care during infancy?

untrained caregivers

social learning

when infants learn from other people -infant get temper from watching dad get angry and get what he wants

Leigh experienced some traumatic events in her childhood. According to cognitive theory, by rethinking and reorganizing her thoughts about previous experiences, Leigh will be able to change her later experiences by developing a new:

working model