Chapter 4 Sociology
Organic Solidarity
(Durkheim) Interdependence in society. Different occupations in societies.
Mechanical Solidarity
(Durkheim) People who perform similar tasks developed a shared consciousness.
Personal Space
(Edward Hall)- An invisible buddle by which we surround ourselves. Four Levels: Intimate: 0-18in Personal: 18in-4ft Social:4-12ft Public:12ft-beyond
Dramaturgy
(Erving Goffman)-Life is like a play. Social life is like a drama or a stage play.
Gesellschaft
(Tonnies) What type of society we live in today. "Impersonal association"
Gemeinschaft
(Tonnies)"Intimate Community" to describe village life, the type of society in which everyone knows everyone else.
Role Strain
A strain within the same role. There are too many requirements to one role.
Shaman
An individual thought to be able to influence spiritual forces. Also help to obtain food.
Division of Labor
As societies get larger, they develop different kinds of work.
Stereotypes
Assumptions about the characteristics of certain individuals which leads to generalizations.
Pastoral/Horticultural Societies
Based on the pasturing of animals, division of labor developed as well as social inequality. Cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools.
Postindustrial Societies
Basic components are information and services. Few people produce anything.
Industrial Revolution
Began in Great Britain in 1765 when the steam engine was first used to run machinery.
Teamwork
Being a good role player brings positive recognition from others, something we covet. To accomplish you need teamwork.
Role Conflict
Conflicts between two separate roles. The more roles you play, the more conflict you may experience.
Group
Consists of people who interact withone another and who feel that the values, interests, and norms they have in common are important.
Society
Consists of people who share a culture and a territory. The type of society we live in is the fundamental reason for why we become who we are.
Master Status
Cuts across your other statues. Some master statues are ascribed. I.E: Sex or race-ethnicity
Hunting and Gathering societies
Few social divisions and little inequality. Today only about 300 hunter-gathering groups exist.
Macro sociology
Focuses on broad features of society
Impression Management
Goffman called these efforts to manage the impressions that other receive of us. Face saving behavior
Ascribed Status
Involuntary. You inherit ascribed statues such as your race-ethnicity, sex, and social class of your parents, as well as your statuses as female or male, daughter or son, niece or nephew.
Social Class
Large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige make up of the social class.
Role Performance
Particular emphasis or interpretation that we give a role, our "style".
Agricultural society
People developed cities and what is know as culture; sometimes referred to as the "dawn of civilization"
Industrial Society
People flocked to the cities and the pattern of growing inequality was reversed.
Status Symbol
Signs that identify a status. I.E: people wear wedding rings to announce their marital status.
Status Inconsistency
Some people have a contradiction or mismatch between their statuses.
Face-saving behavior
Techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour.
Roles
The behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status.
Microsociolgy
The focus is on social interaction , what people do when they come together Primary focus of symbolic interactionists.
Social Structure
The framework of society that was already laid out before you were born. The typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers. Social structure guides our behavior.
Status
The position that someone occupies
Socialization
The process by which people learn the characteristics of their group-the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them.
Social Institutions
The standard or usual ways that society meets its basic needs.
Ethnomethodolgy
The study of how people use background assumptions to get through everyday life. How people use common sense understandings to make sense of life.
Body Language
The ways people use their bodies to give messages to others.
Social Integration
Their members being united by shared values and other social bonds.
Achieved Statuses
Voluntary. You earn or accomplish. As a result of your efforts you become a student, a friend, spouse, lawyer, or member of clergy.
Social construction of reality
We behave according to the way we perceive the world. "If people define their situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
Biotech Society
We may be entering a new type of society. The economy will center on applying and altering genetic structures- both animals and plant to produce food, medicine, and materials.
Thomas Theorem
William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real they are real in their consequences"
Background Assumptions
Your ideas about the way life is and the way things ought to work.
