Chapter 5: Integumentary System
which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?
stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly
a small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it _____.
stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis
the deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the
stratum basale
the layer of the epidermis at the exposed surfaces is the
stratum corneum
the epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the
stratum granulosum
when a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?
the blood supply to the skin decreases
the type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a(n)
third-degree burn
melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from _______.
ultraviolet radiation
What happens when the arrector pili muscles contact?
"goose bumps" are formed
when the body is overheated, the skin responds by
dilating blood vessels
a "rug burn," which scrapes the skin, is an example of a(n)
abrasion
the condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is
acne
the glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called _____ glands.
apocrine
what is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?
areolar connective tissue
which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
the correct order of the cell layers or stata in a section of think skin from the basement membrane toward the free surface
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum
exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light
can slowly increase melanocyte activity
________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow:
carotene
glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ______ glands.
ceruminous
nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in
controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis
the skin is also called the ______
cutaneous membrane
the blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the _____ in the hypodermis, at its border with reticular layer of the dermis
cutaneous plexus
shafts of hair are comprised of
dead, keratinized epidermal cells
the dermis is composed largely of
dense irregular connective
epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the
dermis
the highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the
dermis
as cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface they
die and keratinize
what is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane
epidermis dermis hypodermis
through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?
evaporation
during skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of _______, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response.
fibrin
which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters?
first-degree
during the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?
granulation tissue
Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?
hair matrix
the loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae
increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis
what is the function of melanin?
it protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation
the protein that contributes to many of skin's protective qualities is called
keratin
the pale crescent area of the nail is called the
lunula
modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called _____ glands.
mammary
in albinism, _____ is lacking
melanin
the most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from
melanocytes
the nail ______ covers the nail bed.
nail plate
drugs suspended in ____ or_____ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells
oils; lipid-soluble solvents
thick skin can be found on the
palma and planta
which of he following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?
provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury
functions of the skin include
regulating body temp, protection, synthesis and storage, sensory reception, excretion and secretion
merocrine sweat glands
respond primarily to elevated body temperature
the _____ layer of the skin contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin
reticular
the fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the
Eponychium (cuticle)