Chapter 5 Psych Quiz

A probation officer is using _____ when he fines a client $100 for missing her monthly appointment.

positive punishment

A child is reprimanded for misbehaving, but then she seems to misbehave even more! This indicates that reprimanding her was

positive reinforcement

All your friends tell you that you look fabulous in your new jeans, so you start wearing them all the time. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

Pictures of chili peppers make Dionne's mouth water when she browses cooking sites on the Web. In Pavlov's terms, pictures of chili peppers are _____ stimuli for Dionne.

conditioned

Little Albert was an 11-month-old baby who originally had no fear of rats. In an experiment conducted by Watson and Rayner, he was classically conditioned to fear white rats through the pairing of a loud noise with exposure to a rat. His resulting fear is an example of a(n)

conditioned emotional response

Every time you open the pantry where dog food is stored, your dog starts to salivate. His reaction is a(n)

conditioned response.

Carlito is afraid of dogs. He practices positive visualization whenever he sees a dog. Carlito's visualizations function as

conditioned responses

In a typical advertisement, the product or service being promoted acts as a(n) ____ for positive emotional responses

conditioned stimulus

Your first love wore a musky-scented perfume, and your heart raced every time he or she appeared. Even now when you smell that scent, your heart speeds up, suggesting the scent is a(n)

conditioned stimulus.

Layna reads that "researchers have found an association between media violence and aggressive behavior." The term "association" suggests that the research was probably:

correlational

Pioneering studies by Tolman and Kohler suggest a _____ role for cognition in learning, _____ Skinner's views of learning

critical; contradicting

When a CS is presented repeatedly without the US, the CR _____ in a process called _____

decreases; extinction

Recall the textbook's discussion of research by Greitemeyer (2009), in which adults were exposed to prosocial song lyrics. In this research, the empathy, helping behavior, and frequency of prosocial thoughts were all _____ variables.

dependent

The behaviors learned with classical conditioning are __________, whereas those learned with operant conditioning are __________

involuntary; voluntary

Denzel doubles his usual study time to prepare for a chemistry midterm. He receives an "A." Denzel has received _____ for his additional study efforts

positive reinforcement

Josette provides _____ when she laughs at one of Omar's corny jokes

positive reinforcement

Preschool children in the United States average about _____ hours of screen time each day.

4.0

_____ entails a sudden awareness of the pathway to a problem's solution.

Insight

is a schedule of reinforcement in which target behaviors are reinforced intermittently, not continuously

Partial reinforcement

satisfy biological needs, such as for food, water, or physical contact.

Primary reinforcers

do not satisfy biological needs, but often gain their power through their association with primary reinforcers Ex; money

Secondary reinforcers

is the use of reinforcers to guide behavior to the acquisition of a desired, complex behavior.

Shaping

Thorndike's law of effect is most similar to _____'s concept of _____

Skinner; positive reinforcement

is the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

Stimulus generalization

A trendy celebutante endorses a new smartphone in a series of television commercials. Recalling the textbook's discussion of the application of classical conditioning to advertising, which statement is correct?

The celebutante is a US; the phone is a CS.

__________ indicates that if a behavior is followed by a pleasurable outcome, it likely will be repeated

The law of effect

Which choice BEST expresses the critical result of the Tolman and Honzik (1930) latent learning experiment, along with its implications for the researchers' understanding of learning?

The rats that began receiving reinforcement partway through the experiment quickly caught up with the rats that had been receiving reinforcement all along, suggesting that they had been learning the maze even in the absence of reinforcement.

The importance of cognition in learning is BEST illustrated by the classic work of

Tolman and Kohler.

Which psychologist is paired with the type of learning with which he is associated

Tolman — latent learning

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a dog whining in the morning, leading an owner to wake up and take it outside

Higher order conditioning involves forming an association between

a new neutral stimulus and a conditioned stimulus

Even trout can learn through operant conditioning, as evidenced by their

ability to press a pendulum to get food

Learning does NOT include

adaptation

Avoiding foods that induce sickness has __________. This taste aversion helps organisms survive.

adaptive value

In the classic "Bobo doll" research, Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) demonstrated that _____ may be acquired through observational learning

aggressive behavior

. According to research, children who watch TV programs with violent role models are:

at increased risk of abusing their spouses when they become adults.

Marlisa becomes sick after eating scallops. Thereafter, clams and mussels also make her sick but shrimp and lobster do not. Marlisa's experience illustrates

both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

In their "Bobo doll" study of observational learning, Bandura et al.'s (1961) found that:

boys were more likely to imitate the model's physical aggression than were girls

Conditioned taste aversion is a real-world example of _____ in action

classical conditioning

Billie's mouth waters when she sees a picture of jalapenos in a cooking magazine, but not when she sees a picture of okra on the next page. Billie is demonstrating stimulus:

discrimination

A graduate student replicates Bandura et al.'s (1961) "Bobo doll" study. The student randomly assigns children to two conditions: one in which a model acts aggressively toward a large doll, and one in which a model plays peacefully with the doll. This replication exemplifies ______ research

experimental design

In the _____ phase of the classical conditioning process, a neutral stimulus is paired with a(n) _____ stimulus

first; conditioned

Charissa is a banquet server at a large hotel. She is paid every second Friday. Charissa is reinforced for working on a _____ schedule of reinforcement

fixed-interval

Chrissie drinks cola every day. She texts the codes printed on the bottle caps to a reward center. For every 40 codes she texts, she receives a free bottle of soda. Chrissie's behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule

fixed-ratio

Ivan Pavlov investigated how organisms

form associations between stimuli.

One basic form of learning occurs during the process of __________, which is evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it.

habituation

Learning is to perception as _____ is to _____

habituation; adaptation

When it is paired repeatedly with the original CS, a second neutral stimulus may become a new CS. This is called

higher order conditioning

"I've got it!" John exclaims when he finally cracks a brain-teaser problem he's been working on. John is experiencing:

insight

Wolfgang Köhler's research on chimpanzees suggests that animals are capable of thinking through a problem before taking action, and having a sudden coming together of awareness of a situation, leading to the solution of a problem. This is called:

insight.

Partial reinforcement is a synonym for _____ reinforcement

intermittent

Cognitive maps are created through a process called

latent learning

Rats allowed to explore a maze, without getting reinforcers until the 11th day of the experiment, subsequently behaved in the maze as if they had been given reinforcers throughout the entire experiment. Their behavior is evidence of

latent learning.

Neil wants to complete several on-campus errands as efficiently as possible during a break between classes so that he can spend at least a few minutes reviewing lecture notes. To plan his route, he consults a picture in his mind of the campus's layout. In Tolman's terms, Neil is using a cognitive

map

An individual or character whose behavior is imitated is called a

model

"Attention! Memory! Ability! Motivation!" This slogan identifies the foundations of

observational learning

Zack imitates his trainer's stance when he performs a weightlifting exercise. In this instance, Zack is demonstrating

observational learning

Thorndike and Skinner pioneered the study of

operant conditioning

Negative reinforcement and punishment have _____ effects on behavior

opposite

Hannah is in middle school. Her father treats her to a sundae each time she brings home a "straight-A" report card. Hannah's Dad is providing _____ reinforcement.

primary

Research by Cole et al. (2008) and Greitemeyer (2009) indicates that prosocial media messages can encourage

prosocial thoughts and also prosocial behavior

In a Skinner box, a rat receives food pellets when it presses a lever. This example illustrates:

reinforcement

Chelsea's mother gives her money when she makes the honor roll at her high school. Chelsea's mother is providing a(n)

reinforcer

In a replication of Bandura et al.'s "Bobo doll" study, children observe an adult model behave aggressively toward a doll. The children then observe another adult tell the model, "Good job!" The model received _____ reinforcement for behaving aggressively

secondary

Money is an example of a(n) _____ reinforcer

secondary

Victor holds doors for attractive female classmates because they usually smile when he does so. Victor's behavior is maintained by _____ reinforcement.

secondary

Marc never does his homework. His mother begins reinforcing him with additional "screen time" whenever he simply sits at his desk after dinner. After a week, she reinforces him only when he opens his books and assignments. One week later, she reinforces him only when he completes at least a portion of his assigned homework. Marc's mother is using

shaping

Observational learning is also called

social learning

Meg develops a hypodermic-needle phobia following a painful, bruising injection. However, Meg develops no fear of other sharp objects such as sewing needles, scissors, or knives. Meg's example demonstrates

stimulus discrimination

is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it

stimulus discrimination

Which of these was a dependent variable in Bandura et al.'s (1961) "Bobo doll" study of observational learning?

the aggressiveness of the child's behavior toward the doll

A loud noise automatically elicits a startle response. In this instance, being startled is a(n)

unconditioned response.

In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful:

unconditioned stimulus

Because a bright light causes one to blink reflexively, it is a(n):

unconditioned stimulus.

In general terms, nature is to _____ as nurture is to ____

unconditioned; conditioned

A rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement when it receives a food pellet after a fluctuating number of bar presses

variable-ratio

Operant conditioning applies to _____ behavior and involves associations between _____

voluntary; behavior and consequences

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, children who saw an adult attacking and shouting at the doll:

were more likely to display aggressive behavior.

Which set does NOT contain a discrepant element: ~{ Pavlovian conditioning, classical conditioning, associations between stimuli} ~{ voluntary behavior, operant conditioning, associations between stimuli} ~{ associations between behavior and consequences, voluntary behavior, operant conditioning} ~{ involuntary behavior, associations between stimuli, classical conditioning}

{ associations between behavior and consequences, voluntary behavior, operant conditioning}