Chapter 5

According to equity theory, what is the basis used by employees when determining if a decision is equitable?

a comparison of input-outcome ratios

The outcome/input ratio is an element of which motivation theory?

Equity Theory

Equity Theory

a theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly

According to ________, people learn by observing or hearing about what happened to other people, not just by directly experiencing the consequences.

social cognitive theory

Distributive Justice

the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated

procedural justice

the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions

postive reinforcement

introduction of a consequence increases or maintains the freq. or future probability of a specific behavior

Which of the following outcomes would be expected if an organization implemented an ongoing skills-based training program for assembly line workers in which the workers' learning efforts resulted in recognition of increased abilities?

Increased effort-to-performance expectancies

Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?

Organizational behavior modification

BEST example of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A supervisor occasionally praises workers for a job well done.

The perceived probability that a specific behavior or performance level will lead to a particular outcome is which element of expectancy theory?

P-O

P-O expectancy

Perceived probability that a specific behavior or performance level will lead to a specific outcome

Drive to acquire

The drive to seek, take control of, and retain objects and personal experiences.

the following statements about four-drive theory is true?

The theory acknowledges the role of human thought on behavior.

A manager should ________ in order to increase an employee's expected satisfaction with outcomes resulting from desired performance.

individualize rewards

According to goal setting theory, goals must be within the employee's control. In other words, goals must be

relevant

One positive approach to feedback is ________, which focuses on areas of work where the employee excels or has demonstrated potential.

strength-based coaching

Interactional Justice

the degree to which people are treated with respect, kindness, and dignity in interpersonal interactions

E-P expectancy

the expectancy that putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance

Which of the following would be the most appropriate strategy if an organization wanted to increase employees' beliefs that good performance will result in valued outcomes?

Describing how rewards are based on past performance

Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate if an organization wanted to improve the employees' expected value of outcomes?

Individualize rewards distributed to employees

BEST describes the role of social norms, self-concept, and past experience on needs?

They regulate a person's motivated decisions and behavior.

In the four-drive theory, achievement, competence, status, and self-esteem are produced by the drive to

acquire

People with a high need for achievement

choose moderately challenging tasks.

Providing positive reinforcement after every occurrence of the desired behavior is known as a(n) ______ schedule.

continuous reinforcement

What are the three elements of motivation that affect voluntary behavior?

direction, intensity, persistence

Drive to bond

drive to form social relationships and develop mutual caring commitments with others

Drive to comprehend

drive to satisfy our curiosity, to know and understand ourselves and the environment around us

Motivation starts with our ________, which generate emotions that put us in a state of readiness to act.

drives

Needs are essentially ________ that we become consciously aware of and channel toward particular goals and associated behaviors.

emotions

The "value-expressive" function of voice states that _

employees react favorably to having an opportunity to express their views on an issue

Maslow asserted that, because human behavior is initiated by more than one need at a time, needs should be studied together. This is an example of the _____ perspective.

holistic

Item 7 People experience self-actualization by applying their skills and knowledge, observing how their talents achieve meaningful results, and experiencing personal growth through learning. These are the conditions for

intrinsic motivation.

The strength of needs is impacted by self-concept, social norms and ________, which amplify or suppress emotions.

past experiences

One of the major criticisms of organizational behavior modification is that it _

suggests that behavior is learned only through interaction with the environment

extinction

behavior decreases because no consequence follows it

XYZ Corp. provided training and clarified job requirements. This practice improves employee motivation by

improving E-to-P expectancies.

Dylan is studying for an exam. The length of time that he studies would represent his ________ of effort.

persistence

Which type of justice is higher when the decision maker demonstrates neutrality, allows everyone involved to have their say, and allows an appeal of the decision?

procedural justice

Three important components of social cognitive theory include: learning behavioral consequences, behavior modeling, and

self-regulation

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Which of the drives in the four-drive theory would be best met by an organization by improving its compensation system and linking pay with performance?

Drive to acquire

What is multisource feedback?

Information about an employee's performance is collected from a full circle of people.

Drive to defend

The desire to remove threats to our safety and security and to protect what we regard as 'ours'.

punishment

a consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior

variable-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

A person with high E-to-P expectancy believes that _

achieving a desired performance level depends on his or her effort

The ________ principle states that everyone in the group should receive the same outcomes.

equality