Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue
Cranial bones develop ________.
within fibrous membranes
The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids in areas of __________.
yellow marrow
What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called? A) lacunae B) Volkmann's canals C) Haversian canals D) trabeculae
A) lacunae
An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
TRUE
Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.
TRUE
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
TRUE
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
TRUE
Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.
TRUE
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
TRUE
The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
TRUE
The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
TRUE
What is endochondral ossification?
The formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline cartilage models
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. A) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis B) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis C) from the edges inward D) in a circular fashion
b
Radius. A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone
b
Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone. A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae
b
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is ________. A. bone remodeling, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bony callus formation B. hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling C. hematoma formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation D. bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling
b
The epiphyseal plate is ________. A. the site of red bone marrow production B. where long bone lengthening occurs C. where yellow bone marrow is produced D. the long axis of a bone
b
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface. A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate
b
Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? A. mechanical stress B. glucagon C. parathyroid hormone D. low blood Ca2+ concentration
b
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints? A) meatus B) ramus C) foramen D) fossa E) epicondyle
b
Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?) A. increase reabsorption of calcium in the kidney B. increase osteoblasts on bone C. increase osteoclasts
b
Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal. A) Osteomalacia B) Paget's disease C) Osteoporosis
c
Cells that can build bony matrix. A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae
c
Choose the CORRECT pairing. A. rickets: deficiency of vitamin A B. osteomalacia: excessive mineralization of the bone C. paget's disease: excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption D. osteoporosis: increased bone density
c
Hip bones. A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone
c
Osteomyelitis is ________. A) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium B) literally known as "soft bones" C) due to pus-forming bacteria D) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism
c
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone? A. calcitonin B. vitamin D C. calcitriol D. thyroid hormones
c
The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth. A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate
c
The osteon is ________. A. the structural unit of spongy bone B. a fibrous membrane that covers and protects bone C. the structural unit of compact bone D. a network of red marrow
c
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________. A) Volkmann's canals B) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage C) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers D) the struts of bone known as spicules
c
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ________. A) is slower in females than in males B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization D) is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans
c
Which bone cells form bone? A. chondroblasts B. osteocytes C. osteoblasts D. osteoclasts
c
Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels? A. calcitonin B. parathyroid hormone (PTH) C. calcitriol
c
Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? A. calcitriol B. thyroid hormones C. calcitonin D. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
c
Which type of cartilage covers and protects the ends of bones at freely moveable joints? A. fibrocartilage B. elastic cartilage C. hyaline cartilage D. both hyaline and elastic cartilage
c
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of _______.
calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
Osteocytes are connected to each other through which structure?
canaliculi
The indicated blood vessels and nerve are found within a ______.
central (Haversian) canal
The twisting of a long bone is prevented by which of the following?
circumferential lamallae
The menisci of the knee are made of
fibrocartilage
The term dipole refers to the _______.
internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form the new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called ________.
interstitial growth
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ____
interstitial growth at epiphyseal plates
The indicated osteocyte is located within layers of bony matrix termed ______.
lamellae
21) Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A) osteoclast B) osteocyte C) osteoblast D) stem cell
A) osteoclast
The notable hardness of bone is attributed to ________.
the presence of inorganic hydroxyapatites
Wolff's law is concerned with ________.
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
thyroid
What bone-associated structure in panel C is indicated by the arrow?
trabeculae
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
true
The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________. A) hyaline B) elastic C) fibrocartilage D) epiphyseal
A) hyaline
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________. A) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates B) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity C) differentiation of osteoclasts D) calcification of the matrix
A) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing. A) Osteomalacia B) Paget's disease C) Osteoporosis
A
Bone fragments into many pieces. A) Comminuted B) Spiral C) Greenstick
A
Choose the FALSE statement. A. Long bones include all limb bones except the patella. B. Irregular bones include the vertebrae and hip bones. C. Sesamoid bones form within certain tendons. D. The sternum is an example of a flat bone.
A
The lining of the marrow cavity. A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae
A
Which description of bone cells is INCORRECT? A. Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts. B. Osteoblasts secrete collagen and calcium-binding proteins. C. Bone lining cells on the internal surfaces of bone are also called endosteal cells. D. Osteoclasts secrete digestive enzymes and hydrogen ions.
A
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________. A) calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D B) potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D C) sodium, calcium, and vitamin E D) vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
A) calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________. A) drinking fluoridated water B) decreasing weight-bearing exercise C) increasing dietary vitamin C D) decreasing exposure to the sun
A) drinking fluoridated water
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A) fat B) blood-forming cells C) elastic tissue D) Sharpey's fibers
A) fat
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption. A) Osteomalacia B) Paget's disease C) Osteoporosis
B
Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force. A) Comminuted B) Spiral C) Greenstick
B
Which of the following is stored in bones? A. glycogen B. phosphate C. calcitonin D. vitamin C E. iodine
B
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. B) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. C) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. D) A medullary cavity forms.
B) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. A) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis B) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis C) from the edges inward D) in a circular fashion
B) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? A) overproduction of thyroid hormone B) elevated levels of sex hormones C) too much vitamin D in the diet D) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity
B) elevated levels of sex hormones
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. A) osteocyte B) osteoblast C) osteoclast D) chondrocyte
B) osteoblast
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints? A) meatus B) ramus C) foramen D) fossa E) epicondyle
B) ramus
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth? A) growth at the epiphyseal plate B) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage C) along the edges only D) the lengthening of hyaline cartilage
B) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
Wolff's law is concerned with ________. A) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age B) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it C) the function of bone being dependent on shape D) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts
B) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? A) pineal gland B) thyroid C) parathyroid D) spleen
B) thyroid
Cranial bones develop ________. A) from cartilage models B) within fibrous membranes C) from a tendon D) within osseous membranes
B) within fibrous membranes
How can a tooth be moved in a bony socket during orthodontic treatment?
By applying slight pressure to a tooth, the bone on the forward side will reabsorb, while the bone on the reverse side will be reformed.
An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children. A) Comminuted B) Spiral C) Greenstick
C
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________. A) closing of the epiphyseal plate B) long bones reaching adult length and width C) appositional growth D) concentric growth
C) appositional growth
Osteogenesis is the process of ________. A) making a cartilage model of the fetal bone B) bone destruction to liberate calcium C) bone formation D) making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
C) bone formation
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? A) spongy bone B) irregular bone C) compact bone D) trabecular bone
C) compact bone
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? A) inadequate calcification of bone B) decreased osteoclast activity C) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage D) increased osteoclast activity
C) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. A) epiphysis B) metaphysis C) diaphysis D) articular cartilage
C) diaphysis
Osteomyelitis is ________. A) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium B) literally known as "soft bones" C) due to pus-forming bacteria D) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism
C) due to pus-forming bacteria
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces? A) lacunae B) Haversian system C) epiphyseal plate D) epiphyseal line
C) epiphyseal plate
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood? A) thyroid hormone B) somatomedins C) growth hormone D) prolactin
C) growth hormone
The term diploë refers to the ________. A) double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone B) fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue C) internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones D) two types of marrow found within most bones
C) internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation B) involves medullary cavity formation C) is produced by secondary ossification centers D) takes twice as long as diaphysis
C) is produced by secondary ossification centers
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. A) cartilage and compact bone B) marrow and osteons C) osteoblasts and osteoclasts D) chondrocytes and osteocytes
C) osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Ostealgia is ________. A) a defect called clubfoot B) a disease of the bone C) pain in a bone D) fractured bone
C) pain in a bone
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? A) calcitonin B) thyroxine C) parathyroid hormone D) estrogen
C) parathyroid hormone
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________. A) Volkmann's canals B) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage C) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers D) the struts of bone known as spicules
C) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ________. A) is slower in females than in males B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization D) is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans
C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________. A) osteons B) lamellar bone C) trabeculae D) osseous lamellae
C) trabeculae
The illustrated bone-forming process would be associated with which of the following bones? A. vertebrae B. humerus C. All of the listed responses are correct. D. parietal E. femur
D
Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth? A) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones. B) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. C) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage. D) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
D) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) yellow marrow and spicules D) blood vessels and nerve fibers
D) blood vessels and nerve fibers
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A) support B) storage of minerals C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) D) communication
D) communication
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A) elastic connective tissue B) dense fibrous connective tissue C) fibrocartilage D) hyaline cartilage
D) hyaline cartilage
What is the structural unit of compact bone? A) osseous matrix B) spongy bone C) lamellar bone D) the osteon
D) the osteon
All bones formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones.
FALSE
Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months' gestation.
FALSE
Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.
FALSE
Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
FALSE
Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A) elastic connective tissue B) dense fibrous connective tissue C) fibrocartilage D) hyaline cartilage
FALSE
In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.
FALSE
Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.
FALSE
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
FALSE
Several hormones control the remodeling of bones. Which two respond to changing blood calcium levels?
To keep bones in proper dimensions, PTH and calcitonin are the major determinants of whether and when remodeling will occur in response to changing blood calcium.
Bones do NOT have a role in ________. A. glycogen production B. movement C. fat storage D. support E. blood cell formation
a
Carpals. A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone
a
During bone growth, which event is most significant at the surface indicated by the letter B? ( at epiphyseal plate on diaphysis side) A. calcification of the cartilage matrix B. conversion of bone into cartilage C. formation of compact bone. D. cell division of chondrocytes
a
Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________. A) drinking fluoridated water B) decreasing weight-bearing exercise C) increasing dietary vitamin C D) decreasing exposure to the sun
a
Hyaline cartilage ________. A. is found on the ends of bones that form movable joints B. forms "shock-absorbing" pads between the vertebrae C. gives shape to the external ear D. is the rarest of the skeletal cartilages
a
The axial skeleton includes the ________. A. ribs B. bones of the legs C. hip bones D. bones of the arms
a
The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification. A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate
a
What is the structural unit of compact bone? A. osteon B. canaliculus C. haversian canal D. osteoid
a
Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________. A. All of the listed responses are correct. B. hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone C. insufficient vitamin D levels in the body D. reduced parafollicular cell activity
b
Dense connective tissue forms part of which labeled part of the adult long bone in the figure?
compact bone
Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix. A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae
d
During bone growth, which event is most significant at the surface indicated by the letter A? (at epiphyseal plate on proximal epiphyseal side) A. expansion of articular cartilage B. conversion of bone into cartilage C. conversion of cartilage into bone D. expansion of the cartilage matrix
d
Scapula. A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone
d
The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells. A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate
d
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) yellow marrow and spicules D) blood vessels and nerve fibers
d
The notable hardness of bone is attributed to ________. A. the presence of collagen fibers B. the presence of cartilage C. the presence of proteoglycans D. the presence of inorganic hydroxyapatites E. the presence of glycoproteins
d
The structure indicated by the arrow is composed primarily of what material? (at epiphyseal line) A. dense connective tissue B. compact bone C. fibrocartilage D. hyaline cartilage
d
What indicates that a long bone has reached its adult length? A. the presence of hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bone B. the presence of osteons C. the presence of osteoblasts D. closure of the epiphyseal plate
d
What is endochondral ossification? A. the formation of bone from fibrous membranes B. the formation of bone from pre-existing fibrocartilage models C. the formation of bone from pre-existing elastic cartilage models D. the formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline cartilage models
d
What is osteoid? A. one of the cell types found in bone B. the outer surface of bone C. the inorganic part of the matrix of bone D. the organic part of the matrix of bone
d
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A) elastic connective tissue B) dense fibrous connective tissue C) fibrocartilage D) hyaline cartilage
d
Layers of bone matrix. A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae
e
Patella. A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone
e
In adults, hematopoietic tissue is NOT found in _______.
medullary cavity of long bones
In adults, yellow marrow is located ________. A. in the medullary cavity of long bones B. in the central canals of osteons C. primarily in flat bones D. in the epiphyseal plates of long bones
medullary cavity of long bones
Osteoprogenitor cells
originating of bone-forming cells
Inflammation of bony tissue is called ________.
osteitis
The lacunae of bone contain __________.
osteocytes