Chapter 6 Vocabulary & Questions
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
Learned=
Conditioned
Learning=
Conditioning
Punishment=
Removes or weakens a behavior
Reinforcement=
Strengthens a behavior
Stimulus Discrimination
a distinction is made between the conditioned stimulus and a similar stimulus and an unconditioned response is not elicited
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
Lan received a noisemaker for his birthday and has played with it every day. Desperate for some peace and quiet, Lan's father gives him a lollipop, which takes Lan's attention away from the toy and gives his dad some temporary silence. What kind of reinforcement process is taking place? a.Lan is being positively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker. b.Lan's father is being positively reinforced for giving Lan the lollipop. c.Lan is being negatively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker. d.No reinforcement is occurring, but Lan's father is receiving punishment.
a.Lan is being positively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker.
_________ is more resistant to extinction than _______. a.Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement b.Negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement c.Continuous reinforcement; partial reinforcement d.Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
a.Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
______ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways. a.Stimulus discrimination b.Spontaneous recovery c.Stimulus generalization d.Acquisition
a.Stimulus discrimination
Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like one that made them sick. This is a result of: a.biological preparedness b.maturation c.reflex d.operant conditioning.
a.biological preparedness
In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that did not receive reinforcement for solving the maze had: a.learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map. b.more interest in the reinforcement than did the other groups. c.learned to expect reinforcement every tenth day. d.been more motivated by the variable interval schedule of reinforcement.
a.learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map.
The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats: a.learned to find the exit almost immediately. b.took just as long to find the exit as the third group, which received no reinforcement. c.showed no interest in finding the exit. d.learned to find the exit after five more days.
a.learned to find the exit almost immediately.
In most employment situations, people are paid: a.on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. b.on a variable schedule of reinforcement. c.on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. d.as continuous reinforcement.
a.on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.
Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using: a.punishment by application. b.punishment by removal. c.positive reinforcement. d.negative reinforcement.
a.punishment by application.
Issuing a time-out to a disobedient child is an example of ______. a.shaping b.punishment by removal c.negative reinforcement d.punishment by application
a.shaping
When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of: a.vicarious conditioning. b.biological preparedness. c.a reflex. d.an unconditioned response.
a.vicarious conditioning.
What does punishment do to a response? a.weakens it b.strengthens it c.extinguishes it d.shapes it
a.weakens it
In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same (for example, salivation). However, what makes that response (salivation) conditioned or unconditioned depends on: a.whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS. b.what sort of food is eliciting the response. c.how the subject feels about the stimulus and the response. d.the presence of an NS.
a.whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Secondary Reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Primary Reinforcer
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as, hunger, thirst or touch
Learning
any relative permanent change in behavior brought about by experience and or practice
Which of the following examples of change demonstrates "learning" as defined in the text? a.Kara asks her mom for a new pair of shoes after noticing an increase in the size of her feet. b.Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road. c.Isaiah sits up for the first time. d.As Lamont grows older he begins to look more and more like his father.
b.Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road.
Shortly after eating a piece of his great-aunt's famous coconut cake, which he's had many times, Amad became very nauseous. Now, whenever his great-aunt offers him a piece of cake, Amad quickly declines. Which concept best explains Amad's change in behavior? a.vicarious conditioning b.conditioned taste aversion c.extinction d.stimulus discrimination
b.conditioned taste aversion
Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses: a.partial reinforcement. b.continuous reinforcement. c.a variable schedule of reinforcement. d.negative reinforcement.
b.continuous reinforcement.
For every three boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned? a.fixed interval b.fixed ratio c.variable interval d.variable ratio
b.fixed ratio
In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone: a.jumped over the fence when the tone sounded. b.jumped over the fence when the shock started. c.refused to move even after the shock started. d.showed distress when the tone sounded.
b.jumped over the fence when the shock started.
A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n): a.unconditioned stimulus. b.neutral stimulus. c.ineffective stimulus. d.conditioned stimulus.
b.neutral stimulus.
Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. When a chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder, Joshua reacts with some anxiety. This is an example of: a.stimulus discrimination. b.stimulus generalization. c.a neutral stimulus. d.a spontaneous recovery.
b.stimulus generalization.
Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal are known as: a.successive reinforcers. b.successive approximations c.discriminative stimuli. d.secondary reinforcers
b.successive approximations
Fishing is an example of an activity with a: a.fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. b.variable interval schedule of reinforcement c.fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. d.variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.
b.variable interval schedule of reinforcement
An example of a conditioned taste aversion is: a.when dogs salivate in order to help digest their food. b.when coyotes eat sheep laced with lithium chloride, get extremely sick, then stop eating sheep meat. c.when dogs jump out of a pen to escape electrical shock. d.when rats go through the maze more quickly when reinforced with food.
b.when coyotes eat sheep laced with lithium chloride, get extremely sick, then stop eating sheep meat.
The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is called: a.spontaneous recovery. b.extinction. c.acquisition. d.aversion.
c.acquisition.
Bandura conducted some of his research to study: a.the effects of rewards on children's behavior. b.hero worship in children. c.children's exposure to aggressive behavior toward others d.people's innate perception of relationships.
c.children's exposure to aggressive behavior toward others
Khalila decided to try a new dish consisting of rice and tomatoes just as she was coming down with the flu. Now, every time she sees rice or tomatoes, she gets sick to her stomach. In this example, Khalila's experience of nausea at the sight of rice or tomatoes exhibits a(n) _______. a.unconditioned response b.conditioned stimulus c.conditioned response d.unconditioned stimulus
c.conditioned response
The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of _________ on behavior. a.biology b.reflexes c.consequences d.observation
c.consequences
When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called: a.acquisition. b.stimulus generalization. c.extinction. d.higher-order conditioning.
c.extinction.
In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," he demonstrated that: a.human emotions are deeply rooted in the unconscious. b.chimps can be conditioned to share food. c.irrational fear responses could be conditioned. d.rats are able to create a cognitive map of a maze.
c.irrational fear responses could be conditioned.
Every time Paul's neighbor upstairs plays loud music, Paul bangs on his ceiling with a broom and the music stops. Paul's behavior of banging on the ceiling to get the music to stop is an example of _______. a.punishment by application b.positive reinforcement c.negative reinforcement d.punishment by removal
c.negative reinforcement
Layla's new puppy keeps chewing the bottoms of her favorite curtains. Now, whenever Layla sees the puppy begin chewing, she turns on a device that makes a continuous, loud, annoying sound. She will not turn it off until the puppy stops chewing. Layla is using which technique to change the puppy's behavior? a.secondary reinforcement b.punishment c.negative reinforcement d.sound therapy
c.negative reinforcement
According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first: a.get a good night's sleep. b.repeat everything that is said during the process. c.pay attention. d.be motivated.
c.pay attention.
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian _____ who spent his life studying classical conditioning. a.psychologist b.psychiatrist c.physiologist d.physicist
c.physiologist
The behavior of infants, young children, and animals can be most easily reinforced using: a.secondary reinforcers. b.fixed reinforcement. c.primary reinforcers. d.partial reinforcement.
c.primary reinforcers.
A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the student to the principal's office. This final action is a form of: a.negative reinforcement. b.positive reinforcement. c.punishment. d.antecedent.
c.punishment.
A conditioned response that has been extinguished can reappear briefly in the presence of the original conditioned stimulus through a process called: a.successive approximation. b.law of effect. c.spontaneous recovery. d.vicarious conditioning.
c.spontaneous recovery.
Theo gets excited whenever he finds a quarter lying on the ground outside. While walking home from school one day, Theo noticed a shiny round object lying on the sidewalk and became very excited. He soon realized that the object was a bottle cap and his excitement quickly dissipated. Which concept is demonstrated in this example? a.extinction b.conditioned emotional response c.stimulus generalization d.spontaneous recovery
c.stimulus generalization
______ was one of the first researchers to look at the laws involved in learning voluntary responses. a.Ivan Pavlov b. B.F. Skinner c.John Watson d.Edward Thorndike
d.Edward Thorndike
_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response, following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning). a.Stimulus Generalization b.Spontaneous Recovery c.Stimulus Discrimination d.Extinction
d.Extinction
At the end of each day during the first week of kindergarten, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after a loud bell rang. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response? a.Jeremiah left the room after his teacher told him to do so. b.Jeremiah's teacher told the class to leave. c.The bell rang loudly. d.Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang.
d.Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang.
Which individual discovered that hopelessness and powerlessness could be important parts of learned behavior? a.B. F. Skinner b.Edward Thorndike c.John Watson d.Martin Seligman
d.Martin Seligman
Köhler's chimpanzee experiment involved: a.two chimps forming a relationship to solve a problem together. b.a young chimp gaining insight from an older chimp. c.testing a chimp to find out its strategy for climbing a tree to reach a banana. d.a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana.
d.a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana.
When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become: a.a reflex. b.a discriminative stimulus. c.extinct. d.a conditioned stimulus.
d.a conditioned stimulus.
Bandura found that consequences: a.caused defiance in the research subjects. b.are only motivational if positive. c.are irrelevant in modeling behavior. d.do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model.
d.do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model.
Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was ______ behavior. a.unconditioned b.punishable c.conditioned d.operant
d.operant
Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning? a.insight learning b.social learning c.classical conditioning d.operant conditioning
d.operant conditioning
After passing his chemistry exam, Tito was told by his parents that he could have access to the family car for a week. Tito's parents' are using ________. a.behavior modification b.shaping c.higher-order conditioning d.positive reinforcement
d.positive reinforcement
In his later research, Bandura added the condition of _____ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll. a.observation b.modeling c.aggression d.reward
d.reward
Tamar just can't seem to get away from the slot machines. She has no idea how many times she has to pull the levers to win money, but she's aware that at some point, she's likely to win. What schedule of reinforcement is being used in this example? a.fixed interval b.fixed ratio c.variable interval d.variable ratio
d.variable ratio
Law of Effect
law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Observational Learning
learning new behavior by watching someone else, called a "model," perform that behavior
Latent Learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Classical Conditioning
learning to elicit an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response
Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Extinction
the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)
Operant Conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
Punishment by Application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus
Punishment by Removal
the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Positive Reinforcement
the reinforcement (strengthening) of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
the reinforcement (strengthening) of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Shaping
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
Acquisition
the repeated pairing of the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
Insight
the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
Learned Helplessness
the tendency to fall to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Stimulus Generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
Behavior Modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior