Chapter 6.3 Bone Structure

epiphysis

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

osteon

(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix

perforating canal

(also, Volkmann's canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum

spongy bone

(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

epiphyseal plate

(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

canaliculi

(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte's many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

lacunae

(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

trabeculae

(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.

Periosteum

projection

bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

osteoblast

cell responsible for forming new bone

osteoclast

cell responsible for resorbing bone

The diaphysis contains ________.

fat stores

periosteum

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

medullary cavity

hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

diploë

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones

central canal

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

osteocyte

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix

nutrient foramen

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

articular cartilage

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

diaphysis

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

osteogenic cell

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

Articulation

where two bone surfaces meet

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?

A hole

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?

Hematopiesis

In what ways is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions?

If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to deteriorate, which is actually what happens in The densely packed concentric rings of matrix in compact bone are ideal for resisting compressive forces, which is the function of compact bone. The open spaces of the trabeculated network of spongy bone allow spongy bone to support shifts in weight distribution, which is the function of spongy bone.

Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?

Lamellae

5. Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?

Osteoprogenitor cells

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?

Trabeculae

endosteum

delicate membranous lining of a bone's medullary cavity

compact bone

dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

hole

opening or depression in a bone

If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you think you would experience? Why?

osteoarthritis, you would experience joint pain at the end of that bone and limitation of motion at that joint because there would be no cartilage to reduce friction between adjacent bones and there would be no cartilage to act as a shock absorber.

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?

osteoblasts and osteocytes