Chapter 7

Pietism

This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

Rococo

Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France

Philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

High culture

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

Cosmopolitan

familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures

Feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men

Cultural Relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Neoclassicism

the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Salons

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Economic Liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Popular Culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Pogroms

Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia