Chapter 7 Biometrics

Biometric identification

A biometric system that can distinguish between subjects by analyzing a biometric trait of one person and compare it against an existing database of enrolled traits

Iris code

A process to analyze and store information on a human iris. This method uses the extracted data from a human iris and processes it through a quantization stage that produces a binary iris code for alter comparison. Stored with the applicant's name and relevant info within the system's database

Biometric matching or verification

Capable of identifying someone out of a crowd by scanning select biometric characteristics into a database. Law enforcement entities implement this form of biometrics to find wanted fugitives and individuals suspected of terrorism

Retina

Composed of neural cells in the back of the eyeball that provide a "screen" for the cornea and lens to display an image on. Responsible for obtaining a clear picture of what the person is actually seeing.

Extraction process

Figuring out what each feature is, getting your biometric info and putting it into a template. This module is responsible for finding patterns in the traits extracted by the biometric sensor by using mathematical equations. Every system uses different equations and algorithms to judge unique characteristics

National palm prints

It contains a database of millions of palm prints to be used in criminal investigations and processes. This works hand in hand with AFIT system because now investigators can match fingerprints with any palm prints found at crime scenes. This program will see great improvements in the search of latent fingerprint files at crime scenes, and improves the march of latent fingerprint files from unsolved cases.

IPS

It has a database containing 30 million front-facing mugshot photos of individuals with ten prints on file. In order to be enrolled in IPS all face photos must include a ten-print submission of the individual. There are two categories of photos, criminal identities, and civil identities, and most of them are criminal

Facial recognition

It's the process of taking a template thats been enrolled by an investigator, either facial recognition from a photo and taking that piece and scanning people to see if they match. It aims to accomplish this goal in a more efficient manner than does not need the assistance of the public. An advantage of this automated system, is that it doesn't require subjects to participate, and people walk by a CCTV camera all the time without realizing

NGI

Provides the criminal justice community with the world's largest and most efficient electronic repository of biometric and criminal history information. It's made up of seven identification focal points, such as the Rap Back service which is useful for finding sex offenders. The next is facial recognition for criminal investigation and looks for a match. It also includes palm print and iris scans, as well as a fingerprint database (AFIS), and IPS

Template generator

Responsible for saving all of the raw data produced by feature extraction and putting into a simple and easy to read format for the system. It compares a user to the rest of the data

Iris

The colored section in the eye around the pupil. Muscles in the iris expand and contract to change the size of the people, which controls the amount of light that enters the eye. The iris is unique to every human and consists of tightly grouped muscle patterns that are stained blue, green, brown ect. It goes unchanged for the life of the user. Iris scanning is becoming outdated because it's expensive and intrusive

Feature extractor

The one that is taking each feature and compiling them into the template. The process by which key features of the sample are selected or enhanced. Typically, the process of feature extraction relies on a set of algorithms; the method varies depending on the type of biometric identification used. Example would be a voice recording may filter out particular frequencies and patterns

Enrollment process

The process of capturing a person's biometric data and storing them in a database for later use. It works by collecting data through a sensor and sending it to a data acquisition module. The biometric sensor consists of different set ups to gather data from the user

Pupil

Their function is to let in light and focus it on the retina (the nerve cells at the back of the eye) so you can see

Physiological biometrics

This form of biometrics focuses on identifying humans through their unique traits, it includes fingerprints, hand, iris, retina, and facial scans. Humans have a unique set of these traits pertaining to the hand and veins that make your patterns unique.

Behavioral biometrics

This form of biometrics focuses on identifying humans through unique behavioral or mental patterns they exhibit. Behavioral biometrics includes handwriting, voice, keystroke, and gait recognition. Used more infrequently and this kind of biometrics is more concerned with the way a human performs an action, rather than focusing on a specific trait