Chapter 7

Each amino acid has a carbon atom that is attached to which four of the following?

-side group/R group -hydrogen atom -amino group -acid group

Edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in the spaces between cells.

Celiac disease is a common inherited condition that results in poor ______ of nutrients from the small intestine.

absorption

Proteins are made up of smaller units called __________ ___________

amino acids

When protein digestion is complete, we are left with ___________ ___________.

amino acids

PKU is caused by _____.

an enzyme deficiency

collagen

cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue

peptide bond

chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together

What is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

denaturation

When two amino acids bond and a molecule of water is released in the process a ________ is formed.

dipeptide

Which of the following foods are considered to have high-quality protein?

eggs poultry fish meat

___________ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues.

endema

The amino acid pool is an ______ source of nitrogen.

endogenous

Animal proteins are a good source of all nine _________ amino acids

essential

A(n) ______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential indispensable

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

essential amino acid

True or false: DNA does not play a vital role in protein synthesis.

false

A relatively new science that investigates the complex interactions among gene functioning, dietary choices, and the environment is called nutritional _____.

genomics

keratin

hair, nails, and skin

What type of physician specializes in the treatment and diagnosis of allergies?

immunologist

Which of the following would be a good replacement for processed meat products?

lean turkey roast beef

Protein synthesis begins when a gene's coded information about the order of amino acids on a specific protein is copied forming _____.

messenger RNA

An ___________ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

You can improve the taste of extra lean ground beef that may taste dry by adding _____.

olive oil

A ___________ bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein.

peptide

A __________ protein balance occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses.

positive

Amino acids are the end product of ______ digestion.

protein

______ is synthesized by every cell in the body.

protein

Amino acids are the building blocks of _____.

proteins

peptides

small chains of amino acids small chains of amino acids

To make proteins, how many amino acids are available to make specific sequences expressed by the DNA?

twenty

A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a _____.

vegetarian

A protein intake that is 20% of a person's total calorie intake would be ______ the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).

within

True or false: Fats and carbohydrates are rarely used to meet energy needs.

false

Allergic reactions generally occur within ______ minutes to a couple of hours after eating the offending food.

30

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein increases during______.

-a period of rapid growth -pregnancy -recovery from serious illness

Protein functions as _____.

-antibodies -compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance -enzymes

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of celiac disease?

-chronic diarrhea -abdominal bloating -weight loss

Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your _____.

-deoxyribonucleic acid -DNA

two primary sources of fuel for cells?

-fats -carbohydrates

What are some good vegan alternatives to main menu items that contain meat?

-foods made from soybeans -dry beans -split peas

basic steps of protein synthesis

1. DNA unwinds exposing a gene 2. the gene undergoes transcription, forming messenger RNA 3. mRNA transfers information from the nucleus to ribosomes 4. the ribosomes "read" the messenger RNA 5. RNA molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome 6. at the ribosome, the amino acid attaches to the peptide chain

Rank in order the steps involved in the digestion of protein beginning in the stomach.

1. Denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin. 2. The pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes. 3. Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells. 4. Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver. 5. Rectum: Very little dietary protein is excreted in feces.

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein?

10 - 35%

It is the role of ______, located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.

DNA

What is formed when two amino acids bond?

Dipeptide

A compound that speeds up chemical reactions without becoming part of the products is called a(n)

Enzyme

Forms of PEM include______.

Kwashiorkor Marasmus

______ are a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds.

Legumes

Which of the following cells do not contain protein?

None, all cells contain some protein.

What disease is caused by a rare genetic disorder that occurs when cells are unable to produce an enzyme that converts an amino acid to other compounds?

PKU

What is the name for the "hook" that provides a chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid?

Peptide bond

Enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of

Proteins

True or false: Every cell contains protein.

True

Which of the following are guidelines suggested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPyramid Plan for protein?

-remove any visible fat -choose lean or low-fat meat -when buying ground beef, choose "extra lean" products

MyPlate recommends varying your protein choices by _____.

-replacing meat dishes with dry beans, split peas, and foods made with soybeans -snacking on unsalted nuts and seeds -eating 8 ounces of fish such as salmon, trout, and herring

Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of food allergies?

-swollen or itchy lips -scaly skin rash -difficulty swallowing

The body obtains about two-thirds of its amino acid supply from ______ sources.

endogenous

Where does protein digestion begin and end?

stomach/small intestinal cells

What type of disease results in the poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine?

celiac disease

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

false

What are examples of serious health problems that can result if amino acids do not function properly?

food allergies PKU celiac disease

If a person with celiac disease eats foods that contain ___________ the body will mount an immune response in the small intestine that inflames or destroys villi.

gluten

Which of the following are examples of processed meat products?

ham bacon sausage

There are three groups that make up each amino acid. They are the __________ group, the ________ group, and the _______ group.

acid, amino, side

Proteins are made by assembling the 20 different _____ into specific sequences as provided by the DNA.

amino acids

Which of the following are examples of processed meat products?

ham sausage bacon

polypeptides

proteins comprised of 2 or more amino acids proteins comprised of 2 or more amino acids

Serious allergies, celiac disease, and PKU are all examples of what can happen to the body when______.

proteins do not function properly

An excess amino acid and/or protein intake leads to a high _____ output.

urine