Chapter 8 Bingo
Alexis de Tocqueville
D: A French diplomat, political scientist, and historian who is best known for his work "Democracy in America" and the "Old Regime and Revolution", both published in 1856. S: He was active in French politics and advocated for the French Revolution, along with the centralization and modernization of state. His "Democracy in America" was supposedly written to help his fellow Frenchmen transition from a fading monarchial rule into a democratic one based on his experiences in America.
John Jacob Astor
D: A German-American businessman who made his fortune investing in real-estate in New York. S: He arrived in America shortly after the Revolution and quickly entered the fur trade and created a monopoly, managing an area that stretched from the Great Lakes to Canada. He was a famed patron of the arts when the fur trade declined, and by investing in real estate he became the first multi-millionaire in America.
Lyman Beecher
D: A Presbyterian minister who co-founded and led the American Temperance Society. S: The American Temperance Society was created in order to begin the trend of abstinence from distilled beverages. The society promoted the abolition of slavery, expanding women's rights, and promoted temperance. It was within huge favor of the North, especially because it promoted the abolitionist movement. Beecher himself founded this organization after being an alcoholic who resolved to take a stand for his heavy drinking.
Second Great Awakening
D: A Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. Influenced by the Romanticism movement, it rejected the deism and rationality of the Enlightenment. S: Influenced by Romanticism and the First Great Awakening in the 1730's and 40's it caused a shift in theological preferences to shift from Congregationalist and Anglican to Evangelical Methodists and Baptist. The idea of predestination now shifted towards one of humanity being able to change their own fate through being pious.
Richard Allen
D: A bishop who was one of America's most prominent black leaders. He was also an educator and a writer. S: He founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent black denomination in America. He opened his first church in 1794 and elected the first bishop in 1816. He worked to improve the social standings if African Americans and organized Sabbath schools to promote black literacy.
Peculiar Institution
D: A euphemism for black slavery in the U.S. southern states. It was also a nonfiction book about slavery published in 1956. S: The term was created in order to bypass the section of the Constitution that says "all men were created equal". The saying was coined and used to defend slavery, calling it a good thing.
Benjamin Rush
D: A founding father of America who signed the Declaration of Independence. He was also a civic leader in Pennsylvania. S: He founded the Dickinson college and was a major American leader of the Enlightenment along with supporter of the Revolution. He played a major part in many reforms especially involving education and medicine. He was a firm abolitionist and was one of the first people to argue that illness was an imbalance in the body that came from a malfunction in the brain and was one of the founders of American psychiatry.
Neomercantilism
D: A policy that encourages imports, discourages exports, controls capital movement, and keeps currency decisions in the hands of a centralized government. S: Promoted the development of the East India Company, slowly evolved regions into national states, the creation of a tax-paying commercial class which received state protection in the form of monopolies and tariffs, and when colonies were established, it managed the transport of private goods, enriching imperialist states.
Herrenvolk Republic
D: A system of democracy where only the major ethnic group is allowed to participate in government, while the minority is disfranchised. S: This was a major principal in the American South and was an elitist form of government used by European powers in order to justify colonization. Also a major idea used by the KKK.
Emma Willard
D: An American Women's Rights activist who dedicated her life to the education of women. S: She founded the first school for women's education, the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York. She also wrote several textbooks throughout her life over subjects such as history and geography (she was well traveled due to the success of her school). She also established a school for women in Athens, Greece. She also spoke out against in Thomas Jefferson in favor of women when he said they should not read novels.
Caleb Bingham
D: An American artist who exemplified the Luminist style in his paintings of nature and the Missouri River. S: His work was relatively unknown during his own time, however when he was rediscovered in the 1930's, he was considered on the one of the greatest American painters on the 19th century. He was also appointed the first professor of art at the University of Missouri.
Henry Clay
D: An American planter and lawyer who served in both the Senate and House of Representatives representing Kentucky. He was elected speaker of the House in 1811. S: He favored the War of 1812 and helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent. He also developed the 'American System' which called for increased tariffs in order to propagate American industry, use the funding to further infrastructure, and have a string national bank. He ran for president but lost to John Quincy Adams. He was one of the main founders of the modern day Republican party.
Washington Irving
D: An American short-story writer, essayist, and diplomat in the early 19th century. He is best known for the works "Rip van Winkle" and "Legend of Sleepy Hollow". He also was the U.S. ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846. S: He was one of the first American writers to become critically acclaimed in Europe and because of this, he argued for writing to become a legitimate profession in America and argued for stronger copyright laws to protect American writers. He also coined the term "Gotham" for New York City, later used in DC's Batman.
Mary Wollenstonecraft
D: An English writer, philosopher, and women's rights activist during the French Revolution. S: She wrote a treatise during the French Revolution called "A Vindication for the Rights of Women" and claimed that men and women were equal and women only appeared inferior because they lacked education. She became an important influence to feminist movement after her death and her daughter, Mary Shelley, went on to become one of the most prominent female writers of all time.
The Missouri Compromise (Crisis)
D: An effort by Congress to defuse the rising sectional and political triggered by the request of Missouri in 1819. The request was for it to be a slave state during the time when the U.S. contained 22 states evenly divided over the issue. S: The turning point in the battle for and against slavery, Congress decided to admit Missouri as a slave state by admitting Maine as a free state to keep the balance of pro and anti states. The admission also passed an amendment that called for a line across the Louisiana territory that divided the states that could have states from the ones that couldn't until it was negated by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. The act ended up holding the union together for another 30 years until the Civil War.
Companionate Marriages
D: Designed to give wives equality in the marriage, however in practice, the men still dominated the marriage. The marriages still ended up being more Republican than arranged marriages. S: One of the first attempted acts of gender equality in marriage.
American Colonization Society
D: Founded in 1816, the organization was to help free black people emigrating to Africa. It was founded by Rev. Robert Finley, a Presbyterian minister. S: It was organized primarily by southern slaveholders to encourage the colonization of free black people in hopes to strengthen slavery in the United States. It helped found the colony of Liberia, the first colony of freeborn African Americans. Prominent leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Rudolph, supported the organization. Liberia was declared an independent state in 1844.
John Marshall
D: He was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801. He was also a Federalist and served in the court under president John Adams until he died. S: Served as chief justice in cases such as Marbury vs. Madison, Fletcher vs. Peck, Mcculloch vs. Maryland, and Gibbons vs. Ogden. He also began the practice of judicial review, made it so that states couldn't tax the government and the B.U.S and promoted free enterprise due to the ruling in Gibbons vs. Ogden.
Shakers
D: Members of an American religious sect, The United Society of Believers of Christ's Second Coming. They were established in England around 1750 and lived simply in mixed, celibate communities. S: They practiced social, spiritual, sexual, and economic equality 75 years before the emancipation of slaves and 150 years before women were allowed to vote. They arrived in America after the revolution in the pursuit of freedom and gave voting rights to women and bought out slaves to be freed before America as a whole did so. They also invented the clothes spin and circular saw, which they shared without a patent and contributed greatly to manufacturing, science, and architecture.
Panic of 1819
D: Panic after the War of 1812 when in 1819, economic expansion ended, causing the failure of banks. Mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms which resulted in falling prices in agriculture and manufacturings resulting in widespread unemployment. S: First major peacetime financial crisis and was the first major depression in the Americas. Primarily caused by inflation stemming from poor management of the second B.U.S.
Specie Reserves
D: Specie itself is money in a coin form, while Specie Reserves is the amount of money contained within a bank. S: These reserves played a huge part in Specie Resumption Act of 1874, when the gold standard was reapplied and attempted to reverse the inflation of the American bank note after the Civil War. It ended up contracting the nations money supply and promoted the "Long Depression" of 1973. This was created by the second B.U.S.
Republican Motherhood
D: The Republican Motherhood were a group of women who, during the Revolutionary War, handspun wool and created household goods in order to help boycott British goods. S: The motherhood helped to create the idea that women should help uphold the ideals of republicanism which led to a higher education of women and instilled a form of domestic importance to women's sphere. Although it is a prominent movement, it is not really feminism as women gained little to no rights.
Manumission
D: The act of a slaveholder freeing his or her slaves. Motivations for manumitting were often complex and the process varied in different slave holding regions. S: The significance here was that slaves were being released of their status of "property" and "capital" and now being recognized as people. This was primarily something that was common in Latin America and despite new found freedom, slaves still faced major social segregation.
Eminent Domain
D: The right of Government to allow private property to be used for public use, with payment of compensation. S: The practice of condemnation (the powers granted by eminent domain) came to America with English Common Law. As stated in the fifth amendment, eminent domain could only be used with appropriate compensation despite varying opinions on the subject. When it comes to court issues, the Supreme Court is allowed to make their own decisions based on the case.
Unitarianism
D: Unitarianism is a liberal Christian belief that does not necessarily have a creed, but its members all share a common belief in spiritual growth. S: The movement began in Massachusetts and the churches trace their roots back to Puritan beliefs. The Unitarians became a leading force as Harvard in 1805 and were one of the influences for prominent poet and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson.
