Chapter 8
Perforated States
A state that completely surrounds another one. Encompassed state is dependent on the surrounding state for interactions beyond its boundary.
multi-ethnic state
A state that contains more than one ethnicity
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
Prorupted States
Access or Disruption, Otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.
Ethnic Boundaries
Boundary coincides with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion
Five permanent members of the United Nations are
China, France, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, and the United States
Territorial Waters
Coastal states can stake their claims to the sea up to 12 nautical miles from shore. Ships from other countries have the right to pass through these waters
Countries have one of five basic shapes
Compact States, Elongated States, Prorupted States, Perforated States, Fragmented States
NATO and the Warsaw Pact were designed to
Contain a balance of power in Europe and serve as a buffer between the US and the USSR
Shapes of States
Controls the length of its boundaries with other states. Affects the potential for communication and conflict with neighbors. Shape is part of a country's unique identity. Shape also influences the ease or difficulty of internal administration and can affect social unity.
Types of Boundaries
Cultural Boundaries, Geometric Boundaries, Ethnic Boundaries
Five Central Asian States
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
Administration
the enforcement by a government or people of the boundary that has been created
Definition Boundary
the phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated
Delimitation Boundary
the step when the boundary's definition is drawn onto a map
The governments of states are organized according to one of two approaches:
the unitary system or the federal system
Demarcation
the visible marking of a boundary on the landscape with a fence, line, sign, wall, or other means. Not all boundaries are demarcated, because it can be an expensive process
frontier
which is a zone where no state exercises complete political control
Colonialism began in
1400s
_____ African and Asian states were members of U.N. in 1945, today ____
15, 106
Independence declared by U.S. in _____, and by most Latin American states between ______
1776, 1800 and 1824
The UN now has ____ states
192
The Cuban missile crisis happened in
1962
U.S.S.R broke up in
1991
There are approximately _____ states in the world today
200
UN forces have completed ____ peacekeeping missions and are currently deployed on ____ missions
47, 16
The UN originally has ____ states
49
Russia encompasses...
6.6 million square miles (or 11% of the Earth's land surface)
Russia's ethnic makeup
81% ethnic Russians, government officially recognizes the existence of 39 ethnic groups among the remaining 19 %
Korea: One State or Two?
A colony of Japan for many years, it was divided by the US and USSR following World War II. Each side now has an independent government and fits the definition of a state. Both were admitted to the United Nations in 1992 as separate countries.
Multitude of ethnicities in some cases all contribute cultural features to the formation of
a single nationality
city-state
a sovereign state that is comprised of a town and the surrounding countryside
nation-state
a state this territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity
Mesopotamia was organized into
a succession of empires by the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians
Most Asian and African colonies became independent
after WWII
federal state
allocates strong power to units of local government within the country
Crimea
an area of conflict. - population is 60% Russian. Russia took control of Crimea-1783 and in 1921 it became an autonomous republic within the Soviet Union. 1954, Soviet govt. transferred responsibility for Crimea to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was then part of Soviet Union. With break up in 1991, Crimea became an autonomous republic in newly independent Ukraine. Russian invaded and annexed Crimea claiming the majority of populaiton supported the action.
Antarctica boundaries
largest landmass on Earth's surface not part of a state. Seven states claim portions of South Pole region. The U.S., Russia, and a number of other states do not recognize the claims of any country (state) to Antarctica.
Stacked vote
links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries
unitary state
places most power in the hands of central government officials
The concept of dividing the world into a collection of independent states is
recent
Water Boundary
rivers, lakes, and oceans. Less permanent overall than mountain boundaries because of tendencies of water levels to change in bodies of water and river channels to move over time.
Wasted vote
spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority.
microstate
states with very small land areas
A frontier is _______, whereas a border is _______
tangible, invisible
The development of states can be traced back to
the Fertile Crescent
Puerto Rico
A commonwealth of the U.S. They are citizens of the U.S., but do not participate in U.S. elections or have a voting member in Congress
Allocational Boundary Dispute
A fight over resources that may not be divided by the border, such as natural gas reserves beneath the soil
After Latin American and American independence, European states then turned their attention to
Africa and Asia
STATES IN TWENTIETH CENTURY EUROPE
After WWI, leaders of the victorious countries met at the Versailles Peace Conference to redraw the map of Europe
History of Cyprus' ethnicity issues
After a coup by Greeks in 1974, Turkey invaded the island to protect the Turkish population. Even though everything was restored, the Turkish army remained. After the coup, the two nationalities became geographically isolated. A buffer state patrolled by U.N. soldiers stretches across the island with only one crossing point today.
The United Nations terms as a form where, for the first time in history...
All the countries of the world can meet and vote on issues without resorting to war
Notes on Al Qaeda
Arabic word for "the foundation" or "the base", founded by Osama bin Laden around 1990, bin Laden called the anti-Soviet fight for a holy war
Notes on Boko-Haram
Arabic word for "western education is for bidden", founded in 2002 in north eastern Nigeria, opposes adoption of Western cultural practices, especially by Christians in the south of the country, peacefully ran a religious complex and school that attracted poor Muslim countries for its first seven years, had a violent uprising in 2009 that resulted in the rest of several hundred followers and the death of its founder, 600 broke out of prison in the following year. Since then has resorted to terrorist tactics in 2014 I lied with Isys. It now cause it's self Islam make state Western African province. Uses social media to promote its view
Three Caucasus States
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
Hong Kong and Macao
Attached to mainland China as a special administrative region with the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong was a British colony until it returned to China in 1997. A year later Portugal returned its colony Macao to China. China controls the foreign affairs and defense of Hong Kong and Macao.
Greenland
Autonomous unit within the Kingdom of Denmark. Greenland runs its internal affairs, but Denmark controls foreign affairs
The Cuban missile crisis came after
Bay of Pigs invasion
Three European States
Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine
Characteristics of terrorism
Believeing in objectives to organize acts of terror, viewing violence as a means to bring widespread publicity to their cause, believing in the cause so strongly that they attack despite knowing that they will probably die in the act
Contiguous Zone
Between 12 and 24 nautical miles from shore a state may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration
Exclusive Economic Zone
Between 24 and 200 nautical miles, a state has the sole right to the fish and other marine life
Checks and Balances (democratic vs. autocratic)
Democracies guarantee civil liberties to all citizens. Autocracies have leaders who exercise power with no meaningful checks from legislative, judicial, or civil society institutions.
Citizen Participation (democratic vs. autocratic)
Democracies have institutionalized constraints on the exercise of power by the executive. Autocracies have citizens' participation restricted or suppressed.
Selection of Leaders (democratic vs. autocratic)
Democracies have institutions and procedures through which citizens can express effective preferences about alternative policies and leaders. Autocracies have leaders who are selected according to clearly defined (usually hereditary) rules of succession from within the political elite.
Three types of physical elements serve as boundaries between states:
Desert Boundary, Mountain Boundary, Water Boundary
_____ critical to states because it facilitates international trade
Direct access to an ocean
Most states joined the UN...
During the Cold War
Desert Boundary
Effectively divide two states, because deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited
Mountain Boundary
Effectively divide two states, if the mountains are difficult to cross. Useful boundaries because of their permanent quality and tendency to be sparsely populated
Compact States
Efficient, Distance from center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly. Ideal theoretical example would be circle-shaped with the capital in the center.
UN members can vote too...
Establish a peacekeeping force and request states to contribute military forces
U.S. -Canada Border
Established through series of treaties between 1783 and 1903. Settled at 49° north latitude
Three Baltic States
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
The modern movement to divide the world into states originated in
Europe
The numbers of united nations members increased rapidly in from 1955-1990s because...
European countries were liberated from the Nazis, African colonies gain independence, and the Soviet union broke up
NATO now includes
European states, US, and Canada
Superimposed Boundary
Forcibly put on a landscape by outsiders, such as invaders or organizations like the United Nations
The organization for African unity
Founded in 1963, promotes the end of colonialism in Africa
Two kinds of fragmented states
Fragmented states separated by water and Fragmented states separated by an intervening state.
Medieval States
Gained military dominance of individual city-states led to the formation of empires. e.g. Roman Empire Roman Empire collapse in 5th century led to its land being parceled up and controlled by various monarchies.
Cyprus, the 3rd largest island in the Mediterranean, contains two nationalities (and percents):
Greek (78%) and Turkish
Subesequent Boundaries
Grow to divide space as a result of human interaction and negotiation after significant settlement has occurred
Organization of American states
Includes 35 states in the western hemisphere, Cuba is a member but was suspended in 1962
The Commonwealth of Nations
Includes the UK and 53 other states that were once British colonies, members seek economic and cultural cooperation
States which supply Terrorists
Iraq and Iran have both been accused of providing material and financial support
most important criterion to create new European states and to adjust existing boundaries
Language
the world's smallest state
Monaco (0.6 square miles)
Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)
Most African countries consider Western Sahara a sovereign state. Morocco claims the territory. Built a 2,700 km. (1,700 mi) wall around it to keep rebels out.
China and Taiwan
Most other countries consider China (People's Republic of China) and Taiwan (Republic of China) as separate and sovereign states. China's government considers Taiwan part of China.
Osama bin Laden's history
Move to ask you to stand during the mid-1980s to support the fight against Soviet union, after Soviet union with Drew troops from Afghanistan in 1989, return to Saudi Arabia, but was expelled in 1991 for opposing the Saudi governments decision permitting US troops to be stationed in Saudi Arabia during the 1991 gulf war against Iraq. He later moved to Sudan but was expelled in 1994 for instigating attacks against US troops and Yemen and Somalia, so we return to Afghanistan, where he lived as a guest of a Taliban controlled government. Issued a declaration of war against the US in 1996 because of the United States support for Saudi Arabia and Israel, in 1998 he argued that Muslims have a duty to wait holy war against the US citizens because the US is responsible for maintaining the Saudi royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia in the state of Israel
Two regional military alliances following World War II
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
Relict Boundary
No longer functions as a boundary but only as reminders of a line that once divided space
Notes on ISIS
Originated in 1999, became an affiliate of Al Qaeda in 2004, split in 2014, known as Islamic state, is Lemic state of Iraq and Syria, and the Islamic state of Iraq and Levant
The purpose of the UN is
Political and military cooperation
Elongated States
Potential Isolation, Long and narrow shape. May suffer from poor internal communications.
The international and regional organizations were created to..
Prevent a Third World War and to prevent countries from attack
Fragmented States
Problematic, A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefits the party in power
Proruptions created for two principal reasons
Provide a state with access to a resource, such as water and Separate two states that other would share a boundary.
Terrorists can be supported in three ways
Providing sanctuary, supplying weapons, and giving state support
the Berlin Wall is an example of a
Relict Boundary
The largest state
Russia
the world's largest multinational state
Russia
Five Groups of USSR
Russia, Three Baltic States, Three European States, Five Central Asian States, Three Caucasus States
NATO now offers its members
Security against Russia and fights against the Taliban and al' Qaeda in Afghanistan
Democracies and autocracies differ in three essential elements:
Selection of Leaders, Citizen Participation, Checks and Balances
The OAS ( The organization of American states) promotes...
Social cultural political and economic links among member states
Geometric Boundaries
Straight lines drawn on a map
Members of ISIS
Sunni muslims who seek to impose strict religious laws throughout southwest Asia. Have maintain control of territory through human rights violations, such as beheadings, massacres, and torture. Claim to worry Muslims around the world, recruited through social media and the Internet
Terrorism
Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting it's demands
How does terrorism differ from political violence
Terrorism is aimed at civilians rather than military or political leaders
small islands which are uninhabited in the East China Sea
The Peoples Republic of China, Taiwan, and Japan all claim sovereignty, Japan has controlled these islands since 1895, except between 1945 and 1972, when the U.S. administered them after Japan was defeated in World War II. China and Taiwan claim that the islands historically belonged to China until the Japanese government illegally seized them in 1895. Japan's position is that China did not state that it had sovereignty over the uninhabited islands in 1895 when Japan claimed them. China and Japan have both established air zones in the East China Sea with conflicting boundaries.
Cuban missile crisis was between
The Soviet union and the United States
self-determination
The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
The UN was created... (when and by who)
The end of World War II by the allies
Operational Boundary Dispute
a conflict over the way a boundary should operate or function. Two states might disagree about allowing migration across their respective borders.
The UN replaced
The league of Nations
Eurozone
The most dramatic step towards integrating Europe's nationstates into a regional organization. The European Central Bank was given responsibility of setting interest rates and minimizing inflation
Territorial Morphology
The relationship between a state's geographic shape, size, relative location, and political situation. Factors like shape, size, relative location affect the political issues facing its people internally and internationally.
describe the Cuban missle crisis
The soviet union secretly built missile launching sites in Cuba, less than 90 miles from US territory. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade for Cuba. Aerial photographs of missile sites were revealed in the UN after Sophia and Bassettaire said they have not build muscle sites in Cuba
Purpose of the European Union
To promote development within member states to economic and political cooperation
democracy
a country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office
multinational state
a country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination
anocracy
a country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather a mix of the two
autocracy
a country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people
Definitional Boundary Dispute
a fight over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract
"non self-governing territories"
U.N. identifies 17 places in world, Western Sahara is the most extensive and most populous. Least populated is Pitcairn Island, possession of the United Kingdom
the most favorable to become a nation-state
Ukraine
Every country in world recognizes
Ukraine's sovereignty over Crimea, but no one has found a way to remove Russia and restore Crimean to Ukraine
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Signed by 165 countries. U.S. recognizes it , but has not ratified it. Sets claims a country can make on the waters that touch its borders.
One of the five permanent members of the Security Council can
Veto any motion
Walls in city-states
Walls clearly marked the boundaries of the city. Outside the walls, the city controlled agricultural land to produce food for urban residents
Gerrymandering takes three forms:
Wasted vote, Excess vote, Stacked vote
France had the second largest overseas territory mainly in
West Africa and Southeast Asia
The era of bipolar balance of power formally ended...
Wheb the Soviet union was disbanded in 1992
Median-line principle
When there is not enough water for each country on opposite sides of the sea to have 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic zone, the two or more countries involved will divide up the water evenly
Other terrorist states
Yemen (base), Sudan (shelter), Iran (uranium), Syria (support), North Korea (nuclear weapons)
Locational Boundary Dispute
a conflict over the location of a boundary, not the definition. The conflicting parties agree on the definition but not on where it exists on the earth or the map
state
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. A state occupies a defined territory and contains a permanent population
boundary
an invisible line the marks the extent of a state's territory
Pitcairn Island
an island in the South Pacific, the 50 islanders there today sell fish and postage stamps to collectors
Russian minority population started
an uprising in Ukraine in eastern region. Claiming that the Russian ethnic minority in Ukraine was endangered, Russia invaded eastern Ukraine and seized Crimea
To send and receive goods by sea, a landlocked state must
arrange to use another country's seaport
landlocked
being completely surrounded by only one state, but it shares an important feature with several other states
A frontier provides a __________, whereas a border brings neighbors into ________, increasing the potential for violence.
buffer between states, direct contact
Subsequent Boundary
divides space as a result of human interaction and negotiation after significant settlement has occurred
Prior to the 1800s, Earth's surface was organized in other ways, such as
city-states, empires, and tribes. Much of Earth's surface consisted of unorganized territory
Excess vote
concentrates opposition supported into a few districts
a synonym for state
country
In general, the world has become more _____ since the turn of the 19th century
democratic
National governments can be classified as (3)
democratic, autocratic, or anocratic
Antecedent Boundaries
existed before human cultures developed into their current forms. Many physical boundaries political boundaries grew as antecedent boundaries.
Postcolonial boundaries frequently coincide with
former colonial provinces
sovereignty
independence from control of its internal affairs by other states