Chapter 8 Intro to Psychology

To help students master material, the SQ3R method depends on ____

elaborative rehearsal

The hormones ____ and testosterone can improve long term memory.

estrogen

Ebbinghaus' method of savings demonstrated that ____.

even when we cannot recall previously learned information, much of it remains in memory

What term describes conscious recollection of general information or personal experiences?

explicit memory

Which of the following refers to people's recollections about events, most notably about criminal activity?

eyewitness testimony

Blocking NMDA receptors in the amygdala prevents the formation of ____.

fear memories

When Ramon's family moved, Ramon went to a new high school and had to learn the names of dozens of new teachers. Now he has great trouble remembering the names of his teachers from his first high school. This problem is an example of ____.

retroactive interference

What term describes the theory that long-term memories are stored as parts of cognitive structures that organize knowledge about events or objects?

schema theory

During eyewitness testimony, Adam reports events in a burglary that did not actually take place. It is possible Adam added these events to fit a ____ for that type of burglary.

script

A student who has already completed introductory psychology is asked to remember what "negative reinforcement" is. The student thinks about such concepts as "behaviorism," "learning theory," "response rates," and "frequency," etc. According to the semantic network theory, this memory is being retrieved through the process of ____.

spreading activation

The SQ3R method recommends several reviews of the material because ____.

students will experience savings each time they attempt to master the material

To reduce the effect of retroactive interference, you should ____.

study right before going to sleep and right before taking an exam

Donald is very familiar with the poem that begins "'Twas the Night Before Christmas." However, he cannot recall the names of all of Santa's reindeer, yet he knows that they are in his memory. Donald's difficulty is an example of ____.

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

According to the levels of processing theory, the LEAST effective strategy for remembering the meaning of the word "schema" is ____.

thinking about what words rhyme with schema

In Sperling's research on sensory memory, Sperling was able to determine how quickly images in sensory memory fade by ____.

varying the amount of time participants had to wait before reporting a display of letters

Research participants hear the string of letters "FLSXQYACB" and then immediately try to recall them. Many of the participants who have trouble remembering the whole sequence replace the last letter with a D, P, or V. This finding is evidence supporting the idea that ____.

we often encode even visual information acoustically

Researchers have found that ____ are especially susceptible to forming memories of events that never took place

: hypnotized individuals

Many psychologists are interested in how we retrieve memories. Memory researchers who favor the semantic network theory study the role of ____, and psychologists who favor schema theory study the role of ____.

: spreading activation; constructive recall

Which of the following characteristics relates to the link method?

A mnemonic device that involves connecting, in sequence, images of items to be memorized, to make them easier to recall

Which of the following characteristics relates to flashbulb memory?

A vivid, long-lasting memory of a surprising, important, emotionally arousing event

Henry Molaison (H.M.) Suffered from ______, which prevented him from forming new _____ memories.

Anterograde amnesia; declarative

Eyewitness testimonies are most likely to be influenced by

Cognitive Schemas

According to ____, the deeper the level at which a word has been encoded, the more likely it is to be remembered.

Craik and Tulving

Lenore must remember important facts about all of the countries that lie along the west coast of the African continent. She studies by drawing a map of the West Coast and associating some fact with each name (ex. Liberia = liberty for freed American slaves). Lenore is______.

Engaging in elaborative rehearsal

Your memory of your first romantic kiss is part of your ______.

Episodic memory

One factor found to increase the amount of information that can be held in each chunk of short-term memory is______.

Familiarity regarding the information to be chunked

Which of the following is true of memory?

Implicit memory can be intact while explicit memory is impaired.

Memory researchers have shown that an eyewitness' confidence in his or her testimony has no relationship to the ____.

accuracy of that testimony

Senior level psychology students are conducting a laboratory experiment. They must follow complicated instructions together accurate data. According to the concept of context - dependent memory, these instruction should be given______.

In the actual lab, because the same cues will be present during retrieval as were present during encoding

People almost never remember specific events from their childhood before the age of two, a condition named______.

Infantile amnesia

What term is used to describe repeating information to oneself to keep it in short-term memory?

Maintenance rehearsal

Steve witness is an auto accident in which one car leave the scene without stopping. He sees the license number of that car but has no paper on which to write it down. Do you remember the license number he must______.

Make use of maintenance rehearsal

Which of the following refers to the process by which information is acquired, stored in the brain, later retrieved, and eventually possibly forgotten?

Memory

Which of the following refers to the process by which information is required, stored in the brain, later retreat, and eventually possibly forgotten?

Memory

Which of the following refers to techniques for organizing information to be memorized to make it easier to remember?

Mnemonic device

Unless we rehearse it, how long does material remain in short-term memory?

No more than 20 seconds

What name is given to study material beyond the point of initial mastery?

Overlearning

Xavier studies a unit of world history until he believes he knows it well. He then goes over it several more times. He is using the study skill called ______.

Overlearning

The ______ seems to occur because items at the beginning of a list are often rehearsed more as the learner memorizes the list.

Primacy effect

For middle-aged Michael to successfully play hopscotch with his young nephew, he must rely on his______.

Procedural memory

An essay examination is a test of ______.

Recall

A ______ is a test of explicit memory that measures your ability to identify previously learned or study material after being exposed to it again.

Recognition test

Which of the following refers to the defense mechanism in psychoanalytic theory that involves banishing threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind?

Repression

What term describes a study technique in which the student surveys, questions, reads, recites, and reviews course material?

SQ3R Method

A cognitive structure that organizes knowledge about an event or object, for example "going to college" or "calendar" is called a(n) ______.

Schema

Your memory of who was most recently elected president of the United States is contained in your______.

Semantic memory

What is the nature of the controversy surrounding the "false memory syndrome"?

Some researchers believe that some therapists may inadvertently lead their patients to "recall" traumatic events that never happened

Echoic memory refers to the sensory register for_____.

Sound

What is meant by distributed practice?

Spreading out the memorization of information or the learning of a motor skill over several sessions

Which of the following refers to the retention of information in memory?

Storage

Which of the following characteristics relates to the method of savings?

The assessment of memory by comparing the time or number of trials needed to memorize a given amount of information and the time or number of trials needed to memorize it again at a later time

Which of the following characteristics relates to encoding?

The conversion of information into a form that can be stored in memory

What is meant by proactive interference?

The process by which old memories interfere with the ability to recall new memories

What is long-term memory?

The stage of memory that can store a virtually unlimited amount of information relatively permanently

Which of the following characteristics relates to episodic memory?

The subsystem of declarative memory that contains memories of personal experiences tied to particular times and places

Which of the following characteristics relates to state dependent memory?

The tendency for recall to be best when one's emotional or physiological condition is the same during the recall of a memory as it was during the encoding of that memory

What term describes the inability to recall information that one nose has been stored in long-term memory?

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

To remember the meaning of the unfamiliar word "eponymous "a student should______.

Use it correctly in a sentence

Which of the following characteristics relates to iconic memory?

Visual sensory memory, which lasts up to about a second

Paying attention to the unusual clothing worn by one person on a busy urban street would result in ____

a memory of that person's appearance to be transferred to short-term memory

he key process that determines what information will be transferred from the sensory register to short-term memory is ____.

attention to the stimulus

A student attempts to remember all of the information required for a comprehensive examination at the end of a college course. The key factor that will determine his or her success in encoding such a vast amount of information is ____.

careful organization of the material

One of the roles of the hippocampus is to ____.

consolidate short-term memories into long-term memories

You have an encounter with a neighbor whom you dislike. Later, you remember the neighbor saying more negative things to you than he actually did. This memory effect is most likely an example of ____.

constructive recall

Encoding is to storage as ____.

conversion of data is to retention

Memory researchers have found that ____, which include experiences, conventions, and expectations that are particular to one's own culture, can influence memory for stories.

cultural schemas

Which of the following is most likely to help account for the memory and language disruption seen in many people with schizophrenia?

deterioration of semantic networks

What name is given to the failure to retrieve information from memory?

forgetting

Marty must pick up ten items at the supermarket on his way home but cannot write the list down. To remember the list he associates each item with particular landmarks that he passes when going to and from work. Marty is using which memory aide?

method of loci

What name is given to a mnemonic device in which items to be recalled are associated with landmarks in a familiar place and then recalled during a mental walk from one landmark to another?

method of loci

After your favorite sports team suffers a disappointing loss, you bring to mind several depressing memories. This is an example of ____.

mood-dependent memory

Melinda must memorize the names and capitols of 15 former Soviet Republics. She makes up a fanciful and humorous story that connects all of these unfamiliar names and places together. She is aiding her memory via the ____.

narrative method

Echoic memories are processed in the ____

primary auditory cortex

Maria usually drives a car with a stick shift. When she rents a car with an automatic transmission, she repeatedly tries to place her left foot on the nonexistent clutch pedal. Her behavior is an example of ____.

proactive interference

If you were asked to read and then recall the following list of words, which one are you more likely to remember? moose, cat, elephant, deer, whale, squirrel, snake, buffalo, raccoon, monkey

raccoon

The ____ seems to occur because items at the end of a list remain readily accessible in short-term memory.

recency effect

Which item is out of place here?

recording