Chapter 8 Memory Quiz

Studying for your psychology test requires _______________. This means taking attention and conscious effort, but it pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

Effort processing

The three steps in memory information processing are:

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is _____________.

???***

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store ____________ in our short-term memory.

About 7

You hear a familiar word in your native language and it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This best illustrates the importance of:

Automatic Processing

___________ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas ___________ memory refers to memory for facts and experiences

implicit; explicit

According to Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are ____________ painful memories.

repressing

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Rashad to do at this point is to:

Go directly to sleep

In Craik and Tulving's experiment, the deeper, ___________ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques.

Semantic

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of:

Semantic encoding**

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage memory processing model we record information in which order?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. The form of treatment his physician is using is electroconvulsive therapy, a therapy that will affect his ___________ memory.

Short-term

In the movie Memento, the lead character has to write everything on his body and take notes. If he does not, he quickly forgets because an injury has left him without:

Short-term memory

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. His process best illustrates the use of:

hierarchical organization

______________ aids can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mneumonic

Even after we learn the material, _______________ increases retention.

Overlearning

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions in order to fully test their:

Recall

Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice test questions as:

Recall is to recognition

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

Retrieval

Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as:

Serial position effect

___________ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working memory

The three-stage model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account:

that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.

When Katrina studied the Russian language in high school, although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, when she decided to go to Russia, she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly this time because:

it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is using the:

spacing effect

If you learn a list of chemistry terms while you are in a great mood, you have a better chance of recalling that list if you are in the same kind of mood when you take the exam. This is known as

state-dependent memory

A group of 50-year-old adults is asked to think about their high school classmates. Although they have difficulty recalling the classmates, when presented with yearbooks they can recognize about _____ percent of their pictures and names.

90

When Kaleb decided to go to his 25-year high school reunion, he looked in his yearbook to see whose pictures he might recognize. According to memory research, he could expect to recognize _____ percent of his classmates' pictures.

90

Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering, is she following me? Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as:

???***

Your brother often pretends to listen to what you are saying, but his attention really is focused elsewhere. When you ask him, "What did I just say?" however, he can sometimes repeat your last few words. This is likely due to:

Echoic Memory

Your girlfriend is talking to you, and you ask her to repeat what she just said. Before she does so, you respond with your answer of "Yes." This is likely due to:

Echoic memory

One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information ____________.

Encoding