chapter 8 psych

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fluid intelligence

aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing; relatively independent of education and tends to decline with age

thinking

both localizing and distributed throughout the brain in networks of neurons

left frontal lobe

broca's area aka speech generation

artificial concept

clearly defined concept based on a set of logical rules, also known as formal concept

heuristics

cognitive strategy or rule of thumb used as a shortcut for problem solving; does not guarantee a solution but does narrow down alternatives

representativeness heuristic

cognitive strategy that involves making judgements based on how well an object or event matches an existing prototype in our minds

availability heuristic

cognitive strategy that involves making judgements based on information that is readily available in memory

preparation

define goal, outline limits

evaluation

determine if a solution solves the problem

language

form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules

fluency

generating a large number of possible solutions

intelligence

global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, profit from experience, and deal effective with the environment

functional fixedness

inability to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way; adversely affects problem solving and creativity

theories of creativity processes

incubation, convergent and divergent thinking, creative cognitions, explicit-implicit interaction, conceptual blending, honing theory, imaginative thought

iq test

one of the first ways to measure creativity

personality traits of a creative person

open to new experiences, novelty seekers, flexible, playful, independent, curious

insight

sudden appearance of a relatively complete and effective solution

grammar

system of rules used to generate acceptable language, thus enabling us to communicate with and understand others

production

test possible options using algorithms and heuristics

confirmation bias

the bias of preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence

prototype

the example that embodies the "best" or most typical feature of a concept

Intelligence and Creativity

thought to be strongly linked positively created to a point

general intelligence

underlies all intellecutual abilyt, including reasoning and problem solving

7 primary mental abilities

verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical fluency spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning

animal communication

warnings, mating calls, locations of food, songbird songs, dog barks, lion growls

temporal lobe

wernicke's area aka language comprehension

measuring creativity

word associations response to writing prompts unusual used for mundane items

crystalized intelligence

knowledge and skills gained through experience and education, and the ability to access that knowledge; intelligence that tends to increase over the life span

creativity is a function of...

knowledge, imagination, evaluation

brain regions for language

left frontal lobe, temporal lobe, amygdala

algorithms

logical, step by step procedure that will always solve the problem eventually

cognition

mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge

concept

mental representation of a group or category

mental image

mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, motor, or gustatory imagery

barriers to problem solving

mental set, functional fixedness, confirmation bias, improper use of heuristics

incubation period

mentally set the problem aside for a while until the solution comes without conscious thought

ludwig van beethoven

musically creative genius influenced by mozart, hayden, bach, handel

torrance tests of creative thinking

fluency, originality, and elaboration

mental set

a problem-solving strategy that has worked in the past, which we continue to use rather than trying new strategies

creativity

ability to produce original, appropriate, and valued outcomes in a novel manner

amygdala

emotionally charged words, like swear words

three characteristics

originality, fluency, flexibility

building blocks of language

phonemes, morphemes, grammar

5 stages of creativity process

preparation, incubation, intimation, illumination, verification

steps to solving problems

preparation, production, evaluation

concepts developed through building blocks

prototype, artificial concepts, hierarchies

originality

seeing unique or different solutions to a problem

flexibility

shifting with ease from one type of problem-solving strategy to another

phonemes

smallest distinctive sound unit that makes up every language

morphemes

smallest meaningful units of language; created by combining phonemes

hierarchies

subcategories within broader concepts


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