Chapter 8

false

The best way to improve a child's academic performance is to believe in the child and let him know that you have faith in his ability to succeed.

theory of multiple intelligences

Gardner; there are a number of different types of intelligence that are all relatively independent of each other

The Bell Curve controversy

IQ is inherited and unchangeable

true

Many children who grow up in poverty go on to become adults who contribute positively to society.

false

Reducing class size should be the first priority in education today.

triarchic theory

Sternberg; intelligence represents a balance of analytical, creative and practical abilities

false

The smarter you are, the more likely it is that you will also be creative.

gifted children

children and youth who exhibit high performance capability in intellectual creative, and/or artistic areas

false

True or False. Children who are gifted or talented often pay a price for their giftedness because they are likely to be socially or emotionally maladjusted.

true

True or False. Most students who drop out of high school go on to eventually complete their high school education.

false

True or False. Placing high, average, and low performing students together in groups to collaborate on a project is equally beneficial to all the children in the group

false

True or False. The best way to measure intelligence is to measure how much information someone knows.

false

True or False. Throughout the elementary school years and into high school, girls do more poorly in math than boys.

true

True or False. Well-constructed and reliable standardized intelligence tests are not biased against native-born racial and ethnic minorities

divergent thinking

ability to find as many possible solutions to a problem as possible rather than the one "correct" answer

creative intelligence

ability to generate ideas and to deal successfully with novelty (sometimes referred to as divergent thinking)

practical intelligence

ability to solve everyday problems by changing yourself or your behavior to fit the environment better, changing the environment, or moving to a different environment in which you can be more successful

mental age

age at which a child is successfully passing measures designed to assess intelligence at particular ages

fluid intelligence

allows us to quickly and effectively solve novel problems for which we have little training

stereotype threat

anxiety that results when individuals feel they are behaving in ways that confirm stereotyped expectations of a group with which they identify

cultural test bias hypothesis

belief that standardized intelligence testing underestimates the intelligence of minority groups because of bias

eugenics movement

breeding better human beings

dysgraphia

difficulties in forming letters and expressing ideas when writing

dyscalculia

difficulties in solving math problems and grasping mathematical concepts

dyslexia

difficulties specific to language skills, particularly reading

learning disability

disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoke or written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or mathematical calculations

enrichment approach

educational approach for gifted children in which the curriculum is covered but in greater depth, breadth, or complexity than is done in a typical classroom

ability grouping

educational approach that places students of similar ability in learning groups so they can be taught at a level that is most appropriate for their level of understanding

collaborative learning

educational strategy that allows groups of students who are at different ability levels to work together on a common goal, such as a project or an assignment

expectancy effects

effect that the expectations of others can have on one's own self-perception and behavior

convergent thinking

finding one correct answer for a problem

forgotten half

high school students who graduate from high school and do not continue their education but are not well prepared for the transition to work

Flynn effect

increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over time, necessitating the renorming of the tests

deviation IQ

measure of intelligence that is based on the individual's deviation from the norms for a given test

Head Start

national program to help impoverished preschoolers come into school with experiences and abilities similar to those in the middle class

intelligence quotient (IQ)

originally a measure of intelligence calculated based on the ratio of child's mental age to chronological age, largely replaced now by deviation IQ

adaptive functioning

person's ability to function independently

self-fulfilling prophecy

process by which expectations or beliefs lead to behaviors that help ensure that you fulfill the initial prophecy or expectation

social promotion

promoting a child who has not mastered grade-level material to keep the child in a class with same-age peers

intelligence

qualities that help us adapt successfully so that we can achieve our goals in life

range of reaction

range of potential outcomes for any given genotype

standardize test

test administered in a standard or consistent way to all examinees

authentic assessment

testing procedure that focuses on the process used in solving complex, real-life problems rather than the product that results from the process

dynamic assessment

testing procedure that uses a test-internee-test procedure to assess the examinee's potential to change

creativity

thinking that is novel and that produces ideas that are of value

intellectually disabled

type of intellectual impairment that begins before age 18 and includes a low score on a standardized tests of intelligence (lower than 70) and impaired adaptive functioning

analytical intelligence

type of intelligence that is closes to g or general intelligence and the one prized highly in most schools

accelerated program

type of program that allows gifted students to move through the standard curriculum more quickly than is typical

job shadowing

way to learn about a career by spending time watching a person who is working in that career

crystallized intelligence

what we already know and can draw on to solve problems