Chapter 9-12 A&P

Nerve impulses are carried from the ear to the brain by the ______ nerve

vestibulocochlear

The sensory nerve for hearing and equilibrium

vestibulocochlear nerve

Which division of the brain is physically connected to the spinal cord?

Brain stem

What fluid is found in the central canal of the spinal cord?

Cerebrospinal fluid

The phrenic nerve arises from the:

Cervical plexus

What is diabetes insipidus? Know the cause and symptoms.

Condition due to insufficient ADH secretion, causing excessive water loss. Hyposecretion of the antidiuretic hormone. NOT DIABETES MELLITUS.

Which lobes are separated by the central sulcus?

Frontal and parietal

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

Initiating movements of voluntary muscles

What is a Synapse?

Junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector

Medulla oblongata

Links the brain with the spinal cord. Has centers for control of vital functions, such as respiration and the heartbeat

The ear ossicle that is in contact with the tympanic membrane is the:

Malleus

Which of the following symptoms is suggestive of Alzheimer disease?

Memory loss

Which part of the brain stem contains relay centers for eye and ear reflexes?

Midbrain

Which cranial nerve is concerned with the sense of smell?

Olfactory nerve

Where are the adrenal glands located?

On top of the kidneys

What is referred pain?

Pain that originates in an internal organ is experienced as coming from a more superficial part of the body, particularly the skin. Ex. Liver and gallbladder diseases often cause referred pain in the skin over the right shoulder.

What disease involves lack of dopamine and overactivity of the basal nuclei?

Parkinson disease

What are the nine endocrine glands

Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary(hypophysis), Thyroid, Parathyroid, adrenal, pancreatic islets, ovaries, testes

If you hold your arm motionless in the air, which receptors are most important in informing you of your hand position?

Proprioceptors

Diencephalon

The thalamus sorts and redirects sensory input. The hypothalamus · Maintains homeostasis; controls the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.

What is the function of the thyroid and parathyroid?

The thyroid gland regulates the body's metabolism and has no effect on calcium levels whereas the parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels and do not affect the metabolism.

A nurse in a provider's office is collecting data from a client who has hypothyroidism. Which of the findings should the nurse expect?

Weight Gain

What is the bodies response to elevated calcium levels?

When the calcium levels get high in the blood the cells in the parathyroid produce less hormones or stop making them all together to make the calcium levels decrease. AKA negative feedback loop, this is constantly running to keep the body maintaining a constant in the body.

What is needed by the body to produce thyroid hormones?

You need iodine from food to make two thyroid hormones T3 and T4. It also stores these thyroid hormones and releases them as they are needed.

Which eye structure has the greatest effect on light refraction?

cornea

The large band of white matter that connects the right and left hemispheres is the

corpus callosum

Ketoacidosis is a metabolic disorder associated with

diabetes mellitus

Where do afferent nerve fibers enter the spinal cord?

dorsal horn

Oligodendrocytes

for the myelin sheath around the CNS neurons

What is a photoreceptor

found only in the eyes, these receptors responds to light

Where is the parathyroid located

four tiny, imbedded in the thyroids posterior capsule or in the surrounding connective tissue

What are the roles of cones

function in bright lights, color sensitive, and sharp images

What are the roles of rods

function is to dim lights, not sensitive to color or blurred images

What type of impulses is involved in the sense of touch?

general sensory

Increased pressure inside the eyeball

glaucoma

Vestibulocochlear

hearing, balance; 8; VIII.

Vagus

heart rate, digestion; 10; X.

polyphagia

hungry

Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain is termed

hydrocephalus

The nerve that controls muscles of the tongue

hypoglossal nerve

The stalk connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is called the

infundibulum

What is the name of the only hormone that can decrease blood glucose concentration?

insulin

The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas manufacture _________________ and _________________.

insulin; glucagon

Cells that carry impulses within the CNS

interneurons

Vascular middle layer

iris, cilliary body, choroid

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

is responsible for for resting and eating.

The cells involved in most brain tumors are

neuroglia

What cells are involved in most nervous system tumors?

neuroglia

Which lobe interprets impulses arising from the retina of the eye?

occipital

The nerve involved with the sense of smell

olfactory nerve

Which nerve carries sensory signals from the retina to the brain?

optic

The part of the nervous system that detects a stimulus is a(n)

receptor

Cells that detect a stimulus

receptors

To what do hormones bind?

receptors

The bending of light rays as they pass from one substance to another is called

refraction

Microglia

remove pathogens and waste

What is the sympathetic nervous system

responsible for fight or flight and will have opposite effect of the parasympathetic nervous sytem.

Neural inner layer

retina, optic nerve

Facial

moves face, salivate; 7; VII.

What is Glia and how does it function in the nervous system?

1. Neurons make up 10% of the nervous tissue and the other 90% is neuroglia or glial cells. There are 5 types of neuroglia. Astrocytes physically support and anchor neurons and help form blood brain barrier. Oligodendrocytes for the myelin sheath around CNS neurons. Ependymal cells line ventricles and help form blood brain barrier. Microglia remove pathogens and waste. Schwann cells for the myelin sheath around PNS neurons.

How does the ear translate sound to the brain?

1. Sound waves enter the external auditory canal. 2. Tympanic membrane vibrates. 3. Stapes transmits the vibrations to the oval window of the inner ear, which transmits the sound waves within the vestibular duct. 4. This fluid wave in the vestibular duct sets up vibrations in the membranes of the cochlear duct. 5. The cochlear duct membrane vibrations initiate a second fluid wave in the tympanic duct. 6. Vibrations in the cochlear duct membrane move the cilia back and forth. 7. This motion sets up nerve impulses that travel to the brain.

Know the phases of a nerve impulse

1. action potential. Nerves are in the resting phase with more sodium outside and more potassium inside. A stimulus then occurs and depolarizes in the rising phase while sodium enters the neuron, then the falling phase begins which is repolarized and potassium leaves the neuron, then we go back to the resting phase.

Neurons make up how much of the nervous tissue? What makes up the other 90%

10%; neuroglia and glia cells

What is a reflex arc?

? The reflex arc is the complete through the nervous system from stimulus to response. You start with the receptor that detects a stimulus, then the sensory neuron carries it to the central nervous system where a response is coordinated and then sent out through the motor neuron and completed by the effector

The nurse is reviewing a client's laboratory studies and determines that the client has an elevated calcium level. What does the nurse know will occur as a result of the rise in the serum calcium level?

A rise in serum calcium stimulates the release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland.

where is the pituitary gland

AKA hypophysis, located in a saddle like depression of the sphenoid bone just posterior to the point where the optic nerve cross; stem like gland which is connected to the spinal cord.

The under and over secretion of which gland causes Addison's and Cushing's Dx?

Addison's disease is caused from damage to the adrenal glands, causing the body to not have enough of the hormone cortisol and not enough aldosterone. These hormones give instruction to pretty much every organ and tissue in the body. Cushing's disease is caused by overuse of cortisol medication. Excess production of cortisol from a tumor in the adrenal gland or elsewhere in the body, or a tumor of the pituitary gland.

What do the adrenal glands do?

Adrenal glands AKA suprarenal glands, they are located on top of both kidneys and they produce hormones that help regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, and response to stress and other essential functions.

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

Anterior lobe is a true endocrine gland, composed of epithelial tissue. Posterior lobe, however, is not a true gland. It consists of the axons and axon terminals of neurons that originate in the hypothalamus.

How does the ear promote balance?

As the head moves, a shift in the position of the cilia within a thick material around them generates a nerve impulse.

What are the 5 types of neuroglia

Atrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, ependymal, microglia, Schwann cells

Which fibers conduct impulses away from the cell body?

Axons

Pons

Connects the cerebellum with other portions of the brain and Helps regulate respiration

Brain stem

Connects the cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord

Temporal

Contains auditory, speech comprehension, and olfactory areas.

Frontal

Contains motor area and speech centers.

Parietal

Contains sensory areas.

Occipital

Contains visual association areas.

Cerebellum- means 'little brain

Coordinates voluntary muscles and Maintains balance and muscle tone.

Sodium channels open early in the action potential to cause membrane:

Depolarization

What disease process is associated with ketoacidosis?

Diabetic ketoacidosis, complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. This happens when your body does not produce enough insulin.

What is the bodies response to epinephrine?

Epinephrine circulates through the body and brings on physiological changes, the heart will beat faster than normal pushing blood to the muscles, heart, and other vital organs. Which causes the blood pressure and pulse rate go up? This reaction is known as fight or flight and prepares the body for strenuous activity.

Accessory

moves head; 11; XI.

Midbrain

Has reflex centers concerned with vision and hearing. Connects the cerebrum with lower portions of the brain.

What terms describe over and under secretion of a hormone by the body?

Hyperthyroidism - overactivity of the thyroid gland with excessive hormone secretion ex. Graves' disease, which is characterized by a goiter, a strained appearance of the face, intense nervousness...Pg. 286.

Which structure controls the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

What are the signs and symptoms of hyper and hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism S/S: Fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, weight gain, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, elevated blood cholesterol levels, muscle aches, pain, stiffness or swelling in your joints, thinning hair, depression, impaired memory. Hyperthyroidism S/S: mood swings, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, hyperactivity, sensitivity to heat, diarrhea.

What hormones (related to the pancreas and liver) cause a rise and decrease of blood glucose, respectively?

Increased blood glucose levels stimulate insulin production by the pancreas, and insulin stimulates glucose uptake and use by body cells. When blood glucose levels decrease, such as during an overnight fast, glucagon secretions increase. The liver responds to glucagon by increasing glucose production from amino acids and from glycogen.

Ms. L has been experiencing muscle weakness. Her physician informs her that she has abnormal antibodies attacking the myelin sheath around neurons in her central nervous system. The most likely diagnosis is

Multiple sclerosis

Which of the following is NOT an example of a neuroglial cell?

Neuron

Know the parts of the neuron.

Neurons are the functional cells of the nervous system and are highly specialized with a unique structure related to their function. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles. Two kinds of fibers extend from the cell body: the dendrites that carry impulses to cell body and the axons carry impulses away from the cell body.

What is the correct order of impulse conduction through a reflex arc?

Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

Which division of the nervous system exclusively controls skeletal muscles?

Somatic nervous system

Hypoglossal

moves tongue; 12; XII.

Which of the following is NOT an action of the sympathetic nervous system?

Stimulation of skeletal muscle

What hormones do the anterior and posterior pituitary secrete?

The 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary (Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH, and oxytocin) are produced in the hypothalamus and only stored in the posterior pituitary. Pg.281 · The anterior pituitary is often called the mater gland because it releases hormones that affect the working of other glands... Growth hormones (GH) or somatotropin, Thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) or thyrotropin, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Prolactin (PRL), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) Pg. 284

What is the difference in the peripheral and the central nervous system?

The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and the Peripheral (PNS) includes all the nerves outside of the CNS including the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

What is the action of the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex? What hormones do they secrete?

The adrenal medulla which is the inner part of the adrenal gland, produces adrenaline and noradrenaline and releases them into the bloodstream. These are hormones that initiate the fight or flight response. The adrenal cortex produces three main types of steroid hormones, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. These helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

The blood brain barrier is an obstacle to delivering drugs to the brain. It helps maintain the stable environment by allowing some substances to cross it while blocking others. It prevents passage of hormones, drugs, neurotransmitter, and other substances that might adversely affect the brain.

What is the function of the pineal gland and what hormone is used?

The pineal gland is in the center of the brain. The main function of this gland is to receive information about the state of the light dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin.

What is a chemoreceptor?

These receptors react to various chemicals. This includes odors and tastes, as well as concentration of various chemicals in the body such as glucose and carbon dioxide.

where is the pancreatic islets

above the pancreas

What do receptors in the vestibule sense?

acceleration

Cortisol is produced by the

adrenal cortex

An example of a mineralocorticoid is

aldosterone

Loss of vision in a healthy eye because it cannot work properly with the other eye

amblyopia

Middle ear

amplifies sound waves and transmits them to the inner ear

Diabetes insipidus results from a lack of

antidiuretic hormone

What is a loss or defect in language communication called?

aphasia

What are afferent neurons

are sensory neurons that carry the nerve impulses toward the CNS

In the spinal cord, sensory information travels in ____________ tracts

ascending

Irregularity in the curvature of the cornea or lens

astigmatism

The brain and spinal cord make up the _______ nervous system.

central

Outer ear

channels sound waves in the skull

The middle, pigmented layer of the eye is the:

choroid

What is endoneurium

each individual fiber.

Cells that carry out a response to a stimulus

effectors

How do eyes function

extrinsic eye muscles move eyeballs to produce convergence, light refracts through cornea, aqueous humor, Iris muscles adjust pupil size, Ciliary muscle adjusts lens shape, Light continues through vitreous body and superficial retina layers, Light stimulates retinal receptors cells, visual area receives and interprets impulses

What are the sense organs

eyes, ears, nose, tongue

Trigeminal

face sensation, chewing; 5; V.

where are the ovaries located

female reproductive system

Ependymal

line ventricles and help form blood brain barrier.

Where is the thyroid gland

located in the neck

where is the hypothalamus

located on the undersurface of the brain, it lies just below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland

What divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres?

longitudinal fissure

where are the testes located

male reproductive system

Cells that carry impulses from the CNS

motor neurons

What are efferent neurons

motor neurons that carry nerve impulses away from from the CNS

oculomotor nerve

moves eyes, pupils; 3; III.

Trochlear

moves eyes; 4; IV.

Abducens

moves eyes; 6; VI.

The islets of Langerhans are found in the

pancreas

Hormones involved in calcium metabolism are mainly

parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

polyuria

peeing

Atrocytes

physically support and anchor neurons and help form blood brain barrier.

The delicate innermost layer of the meninges is the

pia mater

A client is having difficult with falling and staying asleep and has obtained over-the-counter melatonin to help with this issue. What gland would be responsible for the decreased secretion of melatonin?

pineal

Which organ regulates sleep-wake cycles?

pineal

The three Ps of diabetes

polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia

Which of the following glands releases antidiuretic hormone?

posterior pituitary

Progressive loss of a near accommodation ability with age

presbyopia

General Senses

pressure, temperature, pain, touch, sense of position

What is the correct order of synaptic transmission?

presynaptic neuron, synapse, and postsynaptic neuron

A receptor that senses body position is a

proprioceptor

The term that describes conduction along a myelinated axon is

saltatory

Fibrous outer layer

sclera and cornea

A receptor's loss of sensitivity to a continuous stimulus is called

sensory adaptation

Cells that carry impulses to the CNS

sensory neurons

The common term for herpes zoster is

shingles

optic nerve

sight; 2; II.

where is the pineal gland

small cone shaped, located posterior to the midbrain and connected to the roof of the third ventricle, base of the brain above the ear

Olfactory nerve

smell; 1; I.

The ion that enters a cell to cause depolarization is

sodium

Which system directly innervates skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

The long nerve that carries autonomic impulses tot he thorax and abdomen

vagus nerve

Deviation of the eye due to lack of coordination of the eyeball muscles

strabismus

What is the perineurium?

surrounds each fascicle or bundle of fibers

What is epineurium?

surrounds the entire nerve itself or tract in CNS

The adrenal medulla responds to stimulation by the

sympathetic nervous system

What system promotes the "fight-or-flight" response?

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is a special sense?

taste

Glossopharyngeal

taste, swallow; 9; IX.

Sound is processed in the ___________ lobe of the brain.

temporal

Schwann cells

the myelin sheath around PNS neurons

What do the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas manufacture and from which cells?

there are five types of cells within the islets of Langerhans, including beta cells the secrete insulin, alpha cells which secrete glucagon, PP cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide, delta cells, that secrete somatostatin, and epsilon cells that secrete ghrelin.

What is a nociceptor

these are pain receptors that respond to tissue damage from trauma, heat, chemicals, pressure, or lack of oxygen

Thermoreceptors

these receptors are activated by a change in tempature

Mechanoreceptor

these receptors respond to factors that change the position of a receptors, such as pressure, stretch, or vibration

Polydipsia

thirst

The large gland located on either side of the larynx is the

thyroid gland

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the thyroid gland?

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Which of the following is a general sense?

touch

inner ear

transduces sound waves into sensory impulses

The large sensory nerve of the face and head

trigeminal nerve

Where is the adrenal gland located

two small glands located on top of the kidneys

The target tissues for oxytocin are the

uterus and breasts

What are specials senses

vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell

What are the different focusing problems that can occur in the eyes?

· Myopia - nearsighted · Hyperopia - farsighted · Astigmatism - asymmetrical curvature of the cornea that causes light to be focused unevenly. Difficulty seeing fine lines. · Presbyopia - Lens loses flexibility due to age, and causes difficulty seeing things up close.

From superficial to deep, what is the order of the eyeball's tunics?

fibrous, vascular, nervous