Chapter 9
Coxal Joint Facts:
- Deep bony socket - Complete capsule around joint - Has intrascapular ligaments for reinforcement - Ligamentum teres
Levers have the ability to alter?
- Distance moved - Speed of movement - Direction of applied force
What is true of a first class lever system?
- Effort arm and resistance arm may be the same length - Fulcrum between point of effort and point of resistance
Plantar flexion?
Heel is higher than toes
Dorsiflexion?
Heel is lower than toes
Inversion?
Soles turn inward
What are immobile (synarthrotic) fibrous joints that are found between the bones of the skull?
Sutures
What is it called when the forearm rotates the palm to the posterior?
pronation
Lateral flexion?
Vertebral Column moves laterally
Signs and symptoms of arthritis include?
-Pain -Stiffness -Swelling -Sometimes redness -Warmth to the touch
What is true of a second class lever system?
- The effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm - A small force balances a larger resistance
Glenohumeral Joint Facts:
- Greatest range of motion - Most unstable - Most frequently dislocated - Ligaments can be indistinct or absent
Some of the age-related changes in the articular cartilage that contribute to osteoarthritis include?
-Little cracks in the cartilage that allow synovial fluid to enter and damage local bone -Reduced number of chondrocytes in the cartilage -Chondrocyte manufactured matrix becomes less resilient.
The organs other than the joints affected in rheumatoid arthritis include?
-Skin -Blood vessels -Lungs -Portions of the eye -Heart
What is the inferior movement of a part of the body?
Depression
What is the medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or inferiorly ?
Pronation
What are examples of hinge joints?
- Interphalangeal joints - Knee joint - Elbow joint
Causes of arthritis include?
-Infectious agents -Wear and tear -Age related changes of the cartilage -Crystal formation in the synovial fluid -Autoimmune attack
Eversion?
Soles turn outward
A joint in which articulating bones are joined by dense regular connective tissue is classified as?
A fibrous joint
A joint disorder that is a autoimmune attack on the synovial membranes and results in ossification of the joint is?
Rheumatoid arthritis
What term refers to 'slightly' moveable joints?
amphiarthrosis
What joints occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue?
Fibrous Joint
What lubricates the articular cartilage of articulating bones in a synovial joint?
Synovial fluid
What nourishes the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage in a synovial joint?
Synovial fluid
What are elongated bursae that wrap around tendons where there may be excessive friction?
Tendon Sheaths
What is hyperextension?
The extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees
What layer of the synovial joint strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart?
The fibrous layer
What is not a hinge joint?
Thumb
The atlantoaxial joint between the first two cervical vertebrae is classified as?
pivot joint
What are composed of dense regular connective tissue and attach muscles to bones?
Tendons
What term refers to decreasing the angle of a joint?
Flexion
Suture?
Connects skull bones
Synarthrosis?
Immobile joint
How is gomphosis characterized in terms of movement?
Synarthrosis
What is a fibrous joint type?
suture
What is an example of gomphosis?
tooth in a socket
Flexion?
Decrease angle between bones
What is found only in a few, selected synovial joints?
Meniscus
The joints between cranial bones of the skull are called?
sutures
When bones have completely fused across the sutureline, what used to be sutures are now called?
synotoses
Third class?
Effort arm always shorter than resistance arm
Amphiarthrosis joint?
Slightly moveable joint
How are syndesmoses classified in terms of mobility?
Amphiarthrotic
What is a multiaxial joint?
Ball and socket
Extension?
Increase angle between bones
Diarthrosis?
Freely movable joint
First Class?
Fulcrum between load and effort
What means to 'move away' and is a lateral movement of a body part away from the body midline?
Abduction
What term refers to movement of a part away from the midsaggital line?
Abduction
What part of a synovial joint may be reinforced by ligaments and tendons?
Articular capsule
An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called?
Synchondrosis
What means to 'move toward' and is the medial movement of a body part toward the midline of the body?
Adduction
The hip joint and glenohumeral joint are classified as what kind of joint?
Ball and socket joint
Synovial joint types in order from most mobile to least mobile
Ball and socket, Saddle, Condylar, Pivot, Hinge, Plane
Syndesmosis?
Between radius and ulna
The practice of applying mechanical principles to biology is known as?
Biomechanics
Which is not a part of all synovial joints? A. Articular cartilage B. Synovial membrane C. Lambrum D. Articular capsule
C. Lambrum
Which of these is a pivot joint? A. Wrist B. Ankle C. Atlantoaxial D. Atlanto-occipital
C. atlantoaxial
Which is not a type of synovial joint? A. Pivot B. Ball and Socket C. Suture D. Saddle
C. suture
Hyperextension?
Extension continues past the anatomic position
True or False: Surgical replacement of the damaged joint is the only treatment for osteoarthritis.
False
True or False: Tendons help stabilize joints because they form part of the synovial joint itself.
False
True or False: Articular cartilage at any synovial joint is a cartilaginous joint?
False
True or False: All synovial joints allow movement in multiple planes.
False: only one plane
What are often found distributed along the periphery of synovial joints and acts as packing material to provide protection for the joint?
Fat pads
When bones are brought closer together as the angle between them decreases it is called?
Flexion
When you raise your arm anteriorly it is called?
Flexion of the shoulder
Gomphosis?
Holds teeth in their sockets
The term arthritis does not imply a specific disease. It actually describes?
Inflammation of one or more joints
What are some examples of a plane joint?
Intertarsal and intercarpal joint
What term refers to turning the sole of the foot medially?
Inversion
A meniscus cna be found in what joint?
Knee
What occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane laterally away from the body?
Lateral flexion
What connects bones together and reinforce most synovial joints?
Ligaments
What term refers to movement of a bone anteriorly, on a horizontal plane?
Protraction
Second class?
Smaller force always balances a larger weight
What is it called when the forearm rotates the palm anteriorly?
Supination
True or False: The knee is not a condyloid joint.
True
What kind of rotation turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus medially?
medial