Chapter 9

Coxal Joint Facts:

- Deep bony socket - Complete capsule around joint - Has intrascapular ligaments for reinforcement - Ligamentum teres

Levers have the ability to alter?

- Distance moved - Speed of movement - Direction of applied force

What is true of a first class lever system?

- Effort arm and resistance arm may be the same length - Fulcrum between point of effort and point of resistance

Plantar flexion?

Heel is higher than toes

Dorsiflexion?

Heel is lower than toes

Inversion?

Soles turn inward

What are immobile (synarthrotic) fibrous joints that are found between the bones of the skull?

Sutures

What is it called when the forearm rotates the palm to the posterior?

pronation

Lateral flexion?

Vertebral Column moves laterally

Signs and symptoms of arthritis include?

-Pain -Stiffness -Swelling -Sometimes redness -Warmth to the touch

What is true of a second class lever system?

- The effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm - A small force balances a larger resistance

Glenohumeral Joint Facts:

- Greatest range of motion - Most unstable - Most frequently dislocated - Ligaments can be indistinct or absent

Some of the age-related changes in the articular cartilage that contribute to osteoarthritis include?

-Little cracks in the cartilage that allow synovial fluid to enter and damage local bone -Reduced number of chondrocytes in the cartilage -Chondrocyte manufactured matrix becomes less resilient.

The organs other than the joints affected in rheumatoid arthritis include?

-Skin -Blood vessels -Lungs -Portions of the eye -Heart

What is the inferior movement of a part of the body?

Depression

What is the medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or inferiorly ?

Pronation

What are examples of hinge joints?

- Interphalangeal joints - Knee joint - Elbow joint

Causes of arthritis include?

-Infectious agents -Wear and tear -Age related changes of the cartilage -Crystal formation in the synovial fluid -Autoimmune attack

Eversion?

Soles turn outward

A joint in which articulating bones are joined by dense regular connective tissue is classified as?

A fibrous joint

A joint disorder that is a autoimmune attack on the synovial membranes and results in ossification of the joint is?

Rheumatoid arthritis

What term refers to 'slightly' moveable joints?

amphiarthrosis

What joints occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue?

Fibrous Joint

What lubricates the articular cartilage of articulating bones in a synovial joint?

Synovial fluid

What nourishes the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage in a synovial joint?

Synovial fluid

What are elongated bursae that wrap around tendons where there may be excessive friction?

Tendon Sheaths

What is hyperextension?

The extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees

What layer of the synovial joint strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart?

The fibrous layer

What is not a hinge joint?

Thumb

The atlantoaxial joint between the first two cervical vertebrae is classified as?

pivot joint

What are composed of dense regular connective tissue and attach muscles to bones?

Tendons

What term refers to decreasing the angle of a joint?

Flexion

Suture?

Connects skull bones

Synarthrosis?

Immobile joint

How is gomphosis characterized in terms of movement?

Synarthrosis

What is a fibrous joint type?

suture

What is an example of gomphosis?

tooth in a socket

Flexion?

Decrease angle between bones

What is found only in a few, selected synovial joints?

Meniscus

The joints between cranial bones of the skull are called?

sutures

When bones have completely fused across the sutureline, what used to be sutures are now called?

synotoses

Third class?

Effort arm always shorter than resistance arm

Amphiarthrosis joint?

Slightly moveable joint

How are syndesmoses classified in terms of mobility?

Amphiarthrotic

What is a multiaxial joint?

Ball and socket

Extension?

Increase angle between bones

Diarthrosis?

Freely movable joint

First Class?

Fulcrum between load and effort

What means to 'move away' and is a lateral movement of a body part away from the body midline?

Abduction

What term refers to movement of a part away from the midsaggital line?

Abduction

What part of a synovial joint may be reinforced by ligaments and tendons?

Articular capsule

An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called?

Synchondrosis

What means to 'move toward' and is the medial movement of a body part toward the midline of the body?

Adduction

The hip joint and glenohumeral joint are classified as what kind of joint?

Ball and socket joint

Synovial joint types in order from most mobile to least mobile

Ball and socket, Saddle, Condylar, Pivot, Hinge, Plane

Syndesmosis?

Between radius and ulna

The practice of applying mechanical principles to biology is known as?

Biomechanics

Which is not a part of all synovial joints? A. Articular cartilage B. Synovial membrane C. Lambrum D. Articular capsule

C. Lambrum

Which of these is a pivot joint? A. Wrist B. Ankle C. Atlantoaxial D. Atlanto-occipital

C. atlantoaxial

Which is not a type of synovial joint? A. Pivot B. Ball and Socket C. Suture D. Saddle

C. suture

Hyperextension?

Extension continues past the anatomic position

True or False: Surgical replacement of the damaged joint is the only treatment for osteoarthritis.

False

True or False: Tendons help stabilize joints because they form part of the synovial joint itself.

False

True or False: Articular cartilage at any synovial joint is a cartilaginous joint?

False

True or False: All synovial joints allow movement in multiple planes.

False: only one plane

What are often found distributed along the periphery of synovial joints and acts as packing material to provide protection for the joint?

Fat pads

When bones are brought closer together as the angle between them decreases it is called?

Flexion

When you raise your arm anteriorly it is called?

Flexion of the shoulder

Gomphosis?

Holds teeth in their sockets

The term arthritis does not imply a specific disease. It actually describes?

Inflammation of one or more joints

What are some examples of a plane joint?

Intertarsal and intercarpal joint

What term refers to turning the sole of the foot medially?

Inversion

A meniscus cna be found in what joint?

Knee

What occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane laterally away from the body?

Lateral flexion

What connects bones together and reinforce most synovial joints?

Ligaments

What term refers to movement of a bone anteriorly, on a horizontal plane?

Protraction

Second class?

Smaller force always balances a larger weight

What is it called when the forearm rotates the palm anteriorly?

Supination

True or False: The knee is not a condyloid joint.

True

What kind of rotation turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus medially?

medial