Chapter six Lipids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Sterols
Lipids
Class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water; triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
hydrophilic
a part of a molocule that attracts water
hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed
homocysteine
amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis
Omega/ methyl end
end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (—CH3) group
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
enzyme in capillary walls that breaks down triglycerides
lipases
enzymes that break down lipids
arachidonic acid
essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
essential fatty acid; precursor to some eicosanoids
saturated fatty acid (SFA)
fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms
monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chains
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain
essential fatty acids
fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids
arterial plaque
fatty buildup in the artery
thrombus
fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow
partial hydrogenation
food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats
homocysteinuria
group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels
eicosanoids
group of long-chain fatty acids with hormonelike functions
gallstones
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
myocardial infarction
heart attack
Fatty acid
hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group
fat malabsorption
impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, fatty stools, and rapid weight loss
cholesterol
lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
monoglyceride
lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
Triglyceride
lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
Diglyceride
lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
lipoprotein made in the liver; carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissues; elevated LDL is linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated; low HDL is linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease
serum
liquid portion of blood that has had the cells and clotting factors removed
plasma
liquid portion of blood that has had the cells removed; contains clotting factors
atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaque builds up inside arterial walls
Gaucher disease
most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism
carboxylic acid
organic molecule with a carboxyl (—COOH) group
hydrophobic
part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids
omega-6 fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the molecule
steatorrhea
presence of lipid in the stool
enterohepatic circulation
process that recycles bile salts in the body
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD
lipoprotein profile
series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels
emulsifier
substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other
cholecystectomy
surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder
plant sterols/stanols
chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol
prostaglandins
class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body
stroke
clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die
bile salts
component of bile; aid in lipid digestion
arteriosclerosis
condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility
pancreatic lipase
digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
lipoproteins
water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream
micelle
water-soluble, spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices
choline
water-soluble, vitamin-like compound; component of lecithin
alpha-linolenic acid
18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds; an essential fatty acid
linoleic acid
18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds; an essential fatty acid
oxidized LDL
LDL that has been damaged by free radicals
adipose (fat) cells
cells that store triglycerides
Hydrocarbon Chain
chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
glycerol
three-carbon alcohol that forms the "backbone" of fatty acids
embolus
thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
phospholipid
type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
sterols
type of lipid that has a more complex chemical structure than triglycerides and phospholipids
chylomicron
type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract
omega-3 fatty acid
type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule
Trans fats
unsaturated fatty acids that have a trans double bond