Chapter11-14 bio

What is a form of a heritable trait that enhances an individual's fitness

Adaptation

What is the gene pool?

All of the alleles of all the genes in a population

What is a genome?

An organism's complete set of genetic material

Which of the following is the study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species and communities?

Biogeography

evolution

Change in a line of descent.

What is the process in which two closely interacting species jointly act as selective agents of traits for each other?

Coevolution

Electrophoresis

Laboratory technique that separates DNA fragments by size.

DNA sequencing

Method of determining DNA sequence.

radiometric dating

Method of estimating the age of a rock or fossil by measuring the content and proportions of a radioisotope and its daughter elements.

Which of the following is a method of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA sequence

Sequencing

DNA cloning

Set of methods that uses living cells to make many identical copies of a DNA fragment.

probe

Short fragment of DNA labeled with a tracer; designed to hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of interest.

What is a one-nucleotide DNA sequence variation carried by a measurable percentage of a population called?

Single-nucleotide polymorphism

What is gene therapy

The transfer of recombinant DNA into an individual's body cells, with the intent to correct a genetic disorder or treat a disease

___blank__ from __blank___ can be used to compare different individuals of a sexually reproducing animal species.

Nucleotide sequences AND mitochondrial DNA

Which of the following is an example of a structure that the first DNA-based cells lacked?

Nucleus

Which of the following are proposed stages in the evolution of cells?

Organic monomers self-assemble in aquatic environments on Earth. ALSO Organic polymers arise and begin to organize and associate. ALSO Protocells develop in an RNA world. ALSO Inorganic molecules self-assemble on Earth and in space. ALSO Selection favoring a DNA genome gives rise to DNA-based cells.

GMO

Organism whose genome has been modified by genetic engineering.

genetically modified organisms

Organism whose genome has been modified by genetic engineering.

Fossils

Physical evidence of an organism that lived in the ancient past.

Which of these methods are used in DNA profiling?

STR analysis, SNP-chip analysis and Full genome sequencing

Which are aspects of the geologic theory of uniformity?

The processes that shaped the Earth's surface took place over millions of years. and Everyday geologic processes like erosion and sedimentation gradually shaped Earth's landscapes.

Of the following steps to make recombinant DNA, which step occurs immediately after a restriction enzyme recognizes specific nucleotide sequences?

The restriction enzyme cuts DNA at the recognition sites into fragments with single-stranded tails called sticky ends.

he experiments of Stanley Miller and Harold Urey tested whether blank...could trigger the formation of simple organic compounds from

electricity

In this method, the entire strand of DNA is mixed with short pieces of single-stranded DNA, called primers, that are complementary to the beginning of the specific DNA sequence the geneticist is trying to isolate. The complete strand of DNA is blank

heated.... to break apart

Which of these methods is a relatively simple, quick, and cheap method of identifying, isolating, and copying segments of DNA code and thus is the most widely used procedure today?

polymerase chain reaction

to break apart the hydrogen bonds connecting the bases in each pair and the mixture is then cooled so the blank

primers... bind to the DNA template.

PCR polymerase chain reaction

technique that mass produces copies of [amplifies] a particular section of DNA

The ancestral cells of modern-day eukaryotic cells first acquired mitochondria around?

1 billion years ago

Genome

An organisms complete set of genetic material

There are only four possible brick colors. These bricks represent

DNA nucleotides

What is a mode of natural selection that favors a phenotype at one end of a range of variation?

Directional selection

convergent evolution

Evolutionary pattern in which similar body parts evolve separately in different lineages.

Which of the following is a change in allele frequency due to chance alone?

Genetic drift

Which of these factors influence the radioactive decay measured by radiometric dating

Half-life

Which of these geologic features are sites where magma ruptures from tectonic plates?

Hotspots

DNA profiling

Identifying an individual by the unique parts of his or her DNA.

Vector

In DNA cloning, a virus or molecule that can accept foreign DNA and be replicated inside a host cell.

What can result when a small group of related individuals forms a new, isolated population? Select all that apply.

Inbreeding, Bottleneck and Founder effect

genetic engineering

Laboratory process by which deliberate changes are introduced into a genome, with the intent of modifying phenotype.

lineage

Line of descent.

which of the following provides support for the RNA world hypothesis?

Some RNA molecules can function as RNA editing enzymes called ribozymes.

What is a potential risk of genetically modified plants

Spread of recombinant DNA into weeds and wild plants in the environment

What encompasses the field of genomics?

Structural analysis of gene products, Surveys of small-scale variations in sequences, Comparisons of whole genomes

Which of these scenarios is an example of disruptive selection?

The dark and light color morphs of a butterfly population are maintained, and the intermediate gray morph has been eliminated from the population.

Genomics

The study of genome structure and function.

restriction enzymes

Type of enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence.

Binary fission is a prokaryotic mechanism of blank

asexual reproduction that yields two equal-sized, genetically identical descendant cells.

According to this summary of the history of life, the first major lineage to develop photosynthesis was blank?

bacteria.... this occurred around 2 to 3 billion years ago.

These smooth bricks represent

dideoxy nucleotides

At this point, the DNA polymerase begins to synthesize new strands of DNA starting from the primers. This process is repeated over and over, which not only isolates the desired segment of DNA but copies it repeatedly as well. This process is known as the blank

polymerase chain reaction

Which of the following images is not an example of a vestigial structure

the peacock image

What is the polymerase chain reaction or PCR?

A biomolecular method that rapidly generates many copies of a specific section of DNA

What is a dimorphism

A trait with two distinct forms originating from the interaction of two alleles of a single gene

Which of these is an example of a key innovation?

A founding population of honeycreepers evolves beaks capable of cracking the seed of a tree species in their new habitat.

Recombinant DNA

A hybrid DNA molecule, contains genetic material from more than one organism.

SNP single nucleotide polymorphism

A one nucleotide DNA sequence variation carried by a measurable percentage of a population.

This idea is similar to current understandings of how evolution works, but it is not quite correct. Which of the following situations is a counterexample that disproves Lamarck's proposed pattern of how evolution occurs?

A person who is a championship bodybuilder does not have children who are naturally muscular at birth.

What are the steps of DNA cloning? Select all that apply.

A restriction enzyme cuts a specific nucleotide sequence in chromosomal DNA and in a plasmid cloning vector., DNA ligase joins the cut DNA fragments of chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA at their sticky ends, forming a recombinant plasmid. The recombinant plasmid is inserted into a host bacterial cell and then replicates when the cell reproduces.

Which of these pairs are examples of analogous structures?

Butterfly wings and pterosaur wings and Shark fins and whale flippers

Which of these methods is the most predictable, reliable, and specific in its ability to modify an organism for a target gene

CRISPR insertion of the target gene into the organism's chromosome.

The key to understanding how evolution occurs is identifying and understanding natural selection. Which of the following naturalists came up with the idea of natural selection in their attempts to understand evolution?

Charles darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

Which of the following organisms were responsible for oxygenating the Earth through the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis?

Cyanobacteria