Chapters 11 , 12, and 13
dialect
A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.
Physical activity Sports Basketball Professional basketball Lebron James
Abstract to Concrete
inflections
Changes in the pitch or tone of the speaker's voice.
vocal variety
Changes in the speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.
Simile
Compare two things using "like" or "as." Similes create imagery. Example: "Personal data is flowing like a torrent into NSA servers"
Metaphor
Comparing two things not using "like' or "as." Example: "America's cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society.
audiences
Most _____________ prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good conversation - directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication.
confidence, sincerity, and conviction
No matter what size your audience, you want your eyes to convey the following:
Imagery
One way to make your language more vivid is through __________________, which you can develop by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor.
Rhythm
Pattern of sound created by choice, arrangement of words.
Parallelism
Similar arrangement of pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Example: "Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man or woman - it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself."
nonverbal communication
communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
Effective speech delivery should be all of the following:
conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, engaging, and without distracting the audience.
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
Clutter
discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
posture, facial expressions, eye contact, gestures
effects the way listeners respond to a speaker.
speech delivery
it is based on how you use your voice and body to convey the message expressed by your words.
inclusive language
language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
Gestures
motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
conversational quality
presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
The four basic methods of delivering a speech
reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking impromptu, and speaking extemporaneously
Repetition
reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
False; Using concrete words over abstract words is one way to enhance the clarity of your speeches.
True or False: Choosing abstract words over concrete words is one way to enhance the clarity of your speeches.
True
True or False: Concrete words are the key to effective imagery.
online speech
a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time
Manuscript Speech
a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
Antithesis
the direct opposite, a sharp contrast For example: Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate.
Cliché
a trite, overused expression
Metaphor
an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
realizing that the online environment will transform almost every aspect of your presentation - including technology, the visual environment, non verbal communication, pacing, Q&A, rehearsal,and adapting to unforeseen contingencies.
the first step to a successful online speech is?
Denotative Meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
Volume
the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
Visual Framework
the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas
Parrelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. For example: I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United States Senator. I speak as an American.
rate
the speed at which a person speaks
kinesics
the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.
abstract words
words that refer to ideas or concepts
Concrete Words
words that refer to tangible objects (people, places, things)
Speaking Outline
a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
extemporaneous speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
monotone
a constant pitch or tone of voice
Speaker
A ______________ should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.
preparation outline
A ___________________ means putting your speech together - deciding what you will say in the introduction, how you will organize your main points and supporting materials in the body, and what you will say in the conclusion.
posture, personal appearance, facial expressions, gestures, and eye contact
Affects the way listeners respond to speakers
Outline
An ______________ helps you make sure that related items are together, that ideas flow from one to another, that the structure of your speech will "stand up" - and not collapse.
Simille
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as", between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
Rhythm
Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the _____________ of language with parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis.
Outlining
By ______________, you can judge whether each part of the speech is fully developed, whether you have adequate supporting materials for your main points, and whether the main points are properly balanced.
Imagery
Creating mental images of objects, actions, ideas
Appropriate Language
Depends on the following: Occasion Audience Topic Speaker
Inclusive Language
Does not sterotype, demean, on basis of gender, race, religion, etc Avoid generic "he" Avoid "man" when referring to men and women Avoid sterotyping jobs, social roles by gender Use names groups use to identify themselves
listen carefully to the questions, approach them positively, and respond to them briefly, graciously, and straightforwardly. Direct your answers to the full audience, rather than to the questioner alone, and make sure to end the session in a timely manner.
During a Q&A period, do the following: __________
You should rehearse your presentation, decide how to handle the Q&A, and develop a backup plan in case your technology fails you during the presentation.
For online presentations, what are the things you should do prior to the presentation?
Use language accurately Use language clearly Use language vividly Use language appropriately
Guidelines for using language:
-Approach questions with a positive attitude -Listen carefully -Direct answers to the entire audience -Be honest and straightforward -Stay on track
How to manage a question - and - answer session?
understanding the nature of the online environment, knowing the capabilities and limitations of your presentation software, controlling the visual environment, and adapting your pacing and non verbal communication.
If you are delivering a speech outline, you will have to take a number of special steps which include: ___________
most likely questions, prepare answers to them, and practice delivering those answers.
If your speech includes a question and answer session, anticipate the following ____________
Preparation Outline
In a ____________________ outline, you should identify main points, sub points, and sub-sub points by a consistent pattern of symbolization and identification.
Preparation Outline
In this outline, you state your specific purpose and central idea, label the intro, body, and conclusion;and designate transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews.
Antithesis
Juxtaposition of ideas, usually parallel in meaning "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country"
Denotative meaning
Literal, dictionary meaning of word or phrase
Connotative meaning
Meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by word or phrase.
Abstract Words
References to general concepts, qualities, attributes
Concrete Words
References to tangible objects. Very specific.
Repetition
Reiterating same word or set of words Located at the beginning or end of successive clause sentences.
Alliteration
Repeating initial consonant in close or adjoining words
Alliteration
Repetition of initial consonant sounds For example: Nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause.
specific purpose
The _________________ statement should be a separate unit that comes before the outline itself. Including the _______________ makes it easier to assess how well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose.
Speaking Outline
The _____________________ outline should contain key words or phrases to jog your memory, as well as essential statistics and quotations. Include cues for delivering the speech.
pronunciation
The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.
volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, dialect
The aspects of voice you should work to control are what?
Pitch
The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.
Rhythm
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.
articulation
The physical production of particular speech sounds.
generic "he"
The use of "he" to refer to both women and men.
Imagery
Three ways to generate __________ are by using concrete words, simile, and metaphor.
volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, dialect
To use your voice effectively you should work on controlling your ____________
Language
Using ___________ appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to copy someone else's.
Speaker
Using language accurately is vital to a speaker.
-Reading verbatim from a manuscript -reciting a memorized text -speaking impromptu -speaking extemporaneously
What are the four basic methods of delivering a speech?
personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact
What are the major aspects of physical action that will affect the outcome of your speech?
The detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.
What are the two kinds of outlines that you will probably use in your speeches?
working out answers to possible questions and practicing the delivery of those questions.
What are the two major steps in preparing a Q7A session?
take is as seriously as the speech itself.
What is the first step to doing well in a Q&A session?
Dialects
What is usually based on regional or ethnic speech patterns.
extemporaneously
When speaking ____________, you will have a brief set of notes or a speaking outline and will choose the exact wording of your speech at the moment of delivery.
Speaker
Whenever you are responding to a speaker, try to present your speech in four simple steps: First, state the point you are answering. Second, state the point you wish to make. Third, support your point with appropriate statistics, examples, or testimony. Fourth, summarize your point.
preparation outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
bibliography
a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
Denotative and Connotative
Words have two kinds of meanings. What are they?
pause
a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
vocalized pause
a pause that occurs when a speakers fills the silence between words with vocalizations such "uh", "er", and "um".
Bibliography
Your teacher might require this with your preparation outline to identify the sources used during your research.
Outlines
___________ are essential to effective speeches.
Connotative
___________ meaning is more variable, figurative, and subjective. It includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions that a word touches off in different people.
Outline
______________ is like a blueprint for your speech. It allows you to see the full scope and content of your speech at a glance.
Denotative
______________ meaning is precise, literal, and objective.
Inclusive language
________________ includes avoiding the generic "he", dropping the use of "man" when referring to both men and women, refraining from stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender, and using names that groups use to identify themselves.
Good Speakers
______________________ are aware of the meaning of words. They also know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, appropriately, and inclusively.
Thesaurus
a book of synonyms
