chapters 6-11
It is true that men who commit marital or date rape often believe that they have done nothing wrong. Which of the following is the most definite reason why men accused of rape might believe this?
. The men who commit this type of rape believe that men should persist in attempts at sexual intimacy.
Which of the following is a mental category for classifying things based on common features or properties?
A concept
Which of the following statements accurately describes an element of classical conditioning?
A conditioned response is a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is an example of growth needs?
A need for self-actualization
In which circumstance would sensate focus be a useful form of treatment for sexual dysfunction?
A patient complains of a physical inability to maintain arousal during sexual intercourse.
What happens during the orientation stage of creative problem solving?
A person defines a problem and identifies its most important dimensions.
A mental plan that guides sexual behavior is called
A sexual script
Which of the following schedules of partial reinforcement produces slow, steady response rates and tremendous resistance to extinction?
A variable interval (VI) schedule
Which of the following terms best reflects the process of thinking in a way that leaves no options open?
Absolute
Who among the following is high in the need for achievement?
Alex, who plans to tweak his efforts to get better grades than the ones he got in the previous semester
Which of the following psychologists was asked by the minister of education in Paris in 1904 to find a way to distinguish slower students from the more capable (or the capable but lazy) with the result being the modern intelligence test?
Alfred Binet
Which of the following is an inability to form or retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma?
Amnesia
Marvin sees on the work schedule that he is assigned to work with the manager that he doesn't like. So Marvin calls into work sick that night. He enjoyed not having to listen to the manager yell at everyone, so he does the same thing the next two times they are scheduled for the same shift. What is Marvin engaging in?
Avoidance learning
Regarding motivation and emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Basic motives, such as hunger and thirst, are solely under the control of the body.
Daria and Jin are experiencing sexual arousal together. How will the different phases of the sexual arousal process differ for both Daria and Jin?
Both the orgasm and resolution phases will commonly last more briefly for Jin than they will for Daria
Which of the following methods promotes divergent thinking among people who have had different experiences?
Brainstorming
How can one use punishment wisely to control behavior?
By applying punishment during, or immediately after, misbehavior
Which of the following is a feature of positive punishment?
By initiating discomfort, it decreases the likelihood that a response will occur again.
The hyphen, spaces, and parentheses in a telephone number support memory through which of the following?
Chunking
Which one of the following is the process of thinking, gaining knowledge, and dealing with knowledge?
Cognition
When the big new high school opened, students asked friends and staff in the hallways to help them locate their classrooms, lockers and other locations. At first it was a funny chaotic adventure, but within a few days, the students were bustling around easily from place to place, just like in the old school. What enabled the students to quickly master the new facility?
Cognitive maps
Which of the following proposes that the strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve?
Decay theory
Alissa argues with Mikhail that he never does the dishes. Mikhail gets mad and fires back at Alissa, claiming that she never makes the bed. Which of the following guidelines to a healthy relationship is Mikhail breaking when he brings up making the bed with Alissa?
Don't be defensive
_____ is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome, which results in intellectual disability.
Down syndrome
Which of the following denotes changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating and is particularly used to refer to females in heat?
Estrus
In classical conditioning, which of the following occurs by weakening the connection between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
The partial reinforcement effect is focused on which of the following?
Extinction
Which of the following may occur if a learned operant response is not reinforced?
Extinction
According to Carroll Izard's theory, which of the following is one of the most basic emotions?
Fear
Which of the following is a key element that underlies cognitive learning and is often used to indicate progress toward a goal?
Feedback
Amber is conducting research to condition rats to press a lever for a food reward. During week two of the study, the rats are given a food pellet every six minutes, regardless of how many times they press the lever. Which type of reinforcement schedule is Amber using?
Fixed interval
Hugo and Kaely have known each other since high school. When they reconnect in college, they begin to engage in a casual sexual relationship without any romantic attachment. Which type of sexual script are Hugo and Kaely adhering to?
Friends with benefits
Distress that may occur when gender identity does not match a person's physical sex is called
Gender Dysphoria
Which of the following terms is defined as the pattern of behaviors regarded as "male" or "female" within a culture?
Gender Role
Lindsey is a star athlete at her school and excels in several sports. She has been teased by some boys for her "masculine" behavior. What is the most accurate description of what Lindsey is experiencing?
Gender role stereotyping
Which of the following is a hormone that activates your lateral hypothalamus to stimulate hunger and also activates parts of your brain to activate learning?
Ghrelin
Which of the following distinctions differentiates gonadal sex from genital sex?
Gonadal sex is the presence of ovaries or testes, while genital sex is the presence of a clitoris and a vagina or a scrotum and a penis.
Which of the following is a behavioral risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases?
Having two or more sex partners
Julie is offered her favorite dessert, chocolate cheesecake, and eats two pieces even though she wasn't that hungry. The cheesecake is an example of a what?
Incentive
Birdie considers herself to be traditionally feminine. She describes herself as gentle, shy, individualistic, and sympathetic. Which of the traits that Birdie used to describe herself is actually a traditional masculine trait?
Individualistic
Which of the following is triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cells?
Intracellular thirst
Which of the following statements best describes intuition?
It is a quick, impulsive thought that does not use formal logic or clear reasoning.
Which of the following is one of the five factors of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition that is measured by questions such as "Why does the sky appear to be blue?"
Knowledge
Which one of the Stanford-Binet cognitive factors is related to crystalized intelligence?
Knowledge
Which of the following activates basic needs?
Lack of security
In the context of the brain and short-term hunger, which of the following parts of the hypothalamus acts as a feeding "start button"?
Lateral hypothalamus
Regarding associative and cognitive learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Learning from written language is considered a complex form of associative learning.
Regarding learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Learning includes temporary changes as well as changes due to motivation and fatigue.
Walter and his girlfriend, Lillian, are engaged in sexual activity and Lillian has reached the plateau phase. Which of the following descriptions most accurately describes what Lillian is feeling during this stage?
Lillian is experiencing physical changes, such as rised pulse rate, and her subjective feelings of arousal become more intense.
Which action is NOT an effective strategy for protecting your child from molestation threats?
Limiting their adult interactions to only close friends, relatives, and family members
In the context of the phases of sexual response explained by Masters and Johnson, resolution is characterized by
Low levels of sexual tension
Which of the following is an effective retrieval strategy offered by the cognitive interview?
Mentally returning to the context of encoding
Mia is a 17-year-old high school student who claims that she and her close group of friends all have not engaged in sexual intercourse. According to trends in sexual intercourse, how might Mia's claims be different if she were 17 years old in 1984?
Mia would likely claim that she has had sexual intercourse by the time she was 17 years old.
Which of the following is most likely the main objective of culture-fair tests?
Minimizing the importance of skills that may be more common in some cultures than in others
A person who serves as an example in observational learning is called a(n) _____.
Model
Which one of the following is most likely a tactic used by child molesters?
Most molesters try to lull the child into participation through talking about sex and through persuasion.
Kiera and her brother, Maddox, are two years apart in school. Kiera has just taken the SATs and tells her brother her scores. What assumptions can be made about the differences between Kiera and Maddox's scores based on their sex?
No definitive assumptions can be made about their scores, since male and female score are growing very similar.
Learning from models is primarily based on what two factors?
Observing and imitating
Which of the following terms describes nonlearned reinforcers that usually satisfy physiological needs?
Primary
Which of the following occurs when prior learning inhibits recall of later learning?
Proactive interference
Which of the following methods is primarily characterized by presenting information in small amounts, offering immediate practice, and providing continuous feedback to learners?
Programmed instruction
Which of the following is a core function of the hypothalamus?
Regulating emotional behaviors and basic biological needs
Which of the following, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood that a response will be repeated?
Reinforcement
Why might it be in the best interest of society to actively discourage exhibitionist behavior?
Research has shown that exhibitionists usually escalate to more serious sexual crimes.
A classroom of third-grade children who recite the multiplication tables aloud every morning demonstrateS which type of learning?
Rote
Which of the following theories states that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues?
Schachter's cognitive theory
What would be the correct way to classify the erectile disorder of a male patient who is unable to maintain an erection entirely due to emotional stress but in the past has not had this issue?
Secondary and psychogenic
Which of the following is a form of therapy that directs a couple's attention to natural sensations of sexual pleasure?
Sensate focus
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Sex
Reinforcement of increasingly close approximations of a desired response is called _____.
Shaping
In the context of types of motives, which of the following is a biological motive?
Sleep
Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?
Sleep
Which action would NOT be regarded as civic engagement, as defined by the APA?
Starting a small business
Which of the following terms was used by B. F. Skinner to describe a behavior that is repeated because it appears to produce reinforcement, even though it is unnecessary?
Superstitious behavior
A five-week-old embryo has both X and Y chromosomes. After six weeks of prenatal growth, how will the embryo begin to differentiate itself into a determined sex?
Testes will begin to develop in the embryo and supply testosterone to stimulate the growth of the penis and other male structures.
Which of the following is a mnemonic device that can aid you in vocabulary retention?
The keyword method
What is the most important consideration to make when assessing the psychological trauma suffered by a victim of child molestation?
The level of trust the abused had previously placed in the abuser
Which of the following theories states that strong emotions tend to be followed by the opposite emotional state?
The opponent-process theory
Which of the following is a characteristic of moods?
They are low-intensity emotional states.
A genetic male during prenatal growth happens to receive less than the average amount of testosterone. What will be the likely result of the genetic sex of this person?
This person will likely identify as intersexual, due to ambiguous sexual anatomy.
Javier considers himself to be traditionally masculine. He describes himself as ambitious, assertive, independent, and understanding. Which of the traits that Javier used to describe himself is actually a traditional feminine trait?
Understanding
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Water
The chain of events that make up the model of motivation ends when which of the following is reached?
a goal
An internal lack or deficiency is referred to as
a need
In discovery learning, _____.
a person gains skills by insight and understanding
Psychologists define learning as
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
Learning is best defined as
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience. Next
A heuristic is:
a shortcut or rule of thumb for finding a solution to a problem.
Insight is defined as:
a sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious.
What is characterized by the inability to identify and describe one's emotions?
a. Alexithymia
Maria has trouble with her body image and always sees herself as fat even though she is severely underweight. She severely restricts her eating in order to maintain a low body weight. What does this likely reflect?
a. Anorexia nervosa
According to Izard's theory, interest, happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, and fear are technique considered to be what?
a. Basic emotions
What does the chameleon effect describe?
a. Behavioral mimicry
Ellen struggles with adaptive behaviors. Which task would she have the most difficulty with?
a. Brushing her teeth
Bob and Dan are good friends who interact regularly. During a recent conversation between them, it appeared that both showed similar postures, mannerisms, and facial expressions. What is this an example of?
a. Chameleon effect
Thorndike's law of effect is primarily focused on which of the following?
a. Consequences
Which of the following processes commonly leads to the discovery of a single established correct answer?
a. Convergent thinking
Which of the following is most accurate regarding the use of short-term memory?
a. Creating information chunks is the key to making the most use of short-term memory.
Ever since Janna and Marcus had quintuplets, people stop them seemingly everywhere, mention how cute they are, and then ask the children's names. Where do Janna and Marcus access this information?
a. Declarative memory
Which one of the following is a symptom of bulimia nervosa?
a. Excessive exercise or purging behaviors to prevent weight gain
Which one of the following assesses a wide variety of intellectual abilities and is the broadest measure of aptitude?
a. General intelligence tests
Quinn is a three-year-old preschooler. Which behavior would best indicate that Quinn might be gifted?
a. He reads chapter books.
Erin has to give a presentation at work. She experiences subjective feelings of fear, trembling hands, a pounding heart, and worries that she will perform poorly. What is likely happening in her body at this time?
a. Her sympathetic nervous system is more active.
Which of the following is an example of a relational concept when asking for clues in a guessing game?
a. Is it bigger than a bread box?
According to the theory of multiple intelligences, which one of the following pursuits employs naturalist intelligence?
a. Medicine man
Which one of the following is a genetic disorder that causes severe intellectual disability when a destructive chemical accumulates?
a. Phenylketonuria
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?
a. Receiving money every Saturday for doing chores
In the process of creating memories, what is the first stop for images experienced by a person?
a. Sensory memory
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
a. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sam and Alex are certain their one-year-old daughter, Bree, has above-average intelligence. They are looking for a psychologist who will give Bree the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, to determine her IQ score. Why would you discourage Alex from this pursuit?
a. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, is not suitable for children younger than age two.
A neurologist is trying to determine what parts of a patient's brain are damaged. Which of the following would be evidence that the amygdala is damaged?
a. The patient doesn't show any fear even in situations that would be very frightening to most people.
Which one of the following statements accurately represents culture-fair tests?
a. They attempt to measure intelligence without being influenced by a person's verbal skills, cultural background, and educational level, to the greatest extent possible.
Which of the following would be stored as an episodic memory?
a. Your high school graduation
Describing the answer to a math problem as "a five digit number that includes two decimal places" is an example of ________.
a. a general solution
Kanzi is learning a new word. Kanzi's language teacher creates a geometric symbol for a key on a computer keyboard to represent the word. Because there are no letters or numbers on the geometric symbol that stands for the new word, it is an example of ________.
a. a lexigram
Brent grew up in rural Canada and never left his province of New Brunswick. Brent took a test that asked him read a subway schedule. The question would best be described as __________.
a. culturally unfair
An especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event is called a(n) ________.
a. flashbulb memory
Jameson can tell you what the weather was like every day over his entire lifespan of 57 years. Jameson's amazing memory ability is impressive; however, his semantic memory is about normal. Jameson's memory skills are characteristic of __________.
a. highly superior autobiographical memory
Karl Duncker's experiment with the candle on a vertical board demonstrates that functional fixedness in problem solving can be reduced by ________.
a. increasing flexibility in categorizing
Quick, impulsive thought is called _______.
a. intuition
In Maslow's hierarchy, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization are called __________.
a. meta needs
Nick is on the phone with his mother and says, "I'll drive over later." Nick is teeing off at the golf course and says, "Watch this drive." The meaning of the word drive in the two sentences changes because _________.
a. of the context in which it is used
According to Noam Chomsky, our ability to construct a wide variety of sentences without learning everyone is based on patterns that support ________.
a. transformation rules
When he was in high school, Elias believed that all people from Russia were aggressive. After he started college, Elias met a Russian exchange student who turned out to be the nicest person he ever met, so Elias changed his beliefs regarding Russians. Elias's reliance on a stereotype to understand Russians when he was in high school is an example of ________.
a. using a faulty concept
The Yerkes-Dodson law states that ________.
a. when a task is more complex, your best performance will occur at lower levels of arousal
Russell is memorizing the scout law for his initiation into his troop. Russell makes up a sentence that aligns the first letter of every word with the beginning letter of each word in the scout law. To help him memorize the scout law, Russell is using a(n) ________________.
acrostic
The generally accepted definition of intelligence includes the ability to
act purposely.
Humans live in deserts, jungles, mountains, frenzied cities, placid retreats, and space stations, which illustrates how our intelligence has helped us to be more
adaptable.
One of the drawbacks of using punishment to manage behavior is that the person it is applied to can experience elevated levels of ________.
aggression
People who have a learned difficulty in expressing emotions are said to be suffering from _____.
alexithymia
Recognition can be defined as:
an ability to correctly identify previously learned information.
A flashbulb memory is defined as:
an especially vivid recollection that seems to be frozen in memory at times of emotionally significant personal or public events.
In the context of hormonal and gonadal sex, an XX embryo develops as a female only when _____.
androgen levels are low or absent
Deductive thought involves:
applying a general set of rules to specific situations.
Widget Corp., a leading business consultancy, has recently adopted a new incentive policy, wherein the employees are given monetary rewards. The top one percent of the employees with the highest target completion rate are given monthly monetary bonuses. In this scenario, it can be said that the employees of Widget Corp. _____.
are less likely to solve tricky problems that inhibit the growth of the firm
Which of the following occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple connection among various stimuli and/or responses?
associative learning
Which of the following is the best example of Schachter's cognitive theory of emotion?
b. Bob feels his heart racing but isn't sure why.
Which theory states that emotional feelings and physical arousal occur at the same time?
b. Cannon-Bard theory
Which answer choice best represents an operational definition of intelligence?
b. General intelligence is fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
Which one of the following is a new field of artificial intelligence that involves creating programs that gain information through the acquisition of knowledge, not programming?
b. Machine learning
Which one of the following statements most accurately represents people with intellectual disability?
b. Most individuals with mild intellectual disabilities can benefit from carefully structured education.
A friend asked Sheldon where he got the video game they were playing. Sheldon replied that he received it for his birthday. Sheldon's mother overheard the conversation and said that Sheldon got a different game for his birthday and that the game they were playing was a gift to his sister on her birthday. What caused the error in Sheldon's memory about the game?
b. Source confusion
Which of the following statements most accurately presents the relationship between framing a problem and making a good decision?
b. Stating problems in increasingly narrow terms until a single answer emerges decreases the chance of making a good decision.
Which one of the following is a characteristic of emotionally intelligent people?
b. They are tuned in to their own feelings.
Janna is on spring break and looking at the menu of drink choices at the tiki bar. After trying to process the 40 names and 25 ingredients on the menu, Janna ordered a glass of soda. Janna's decision to opt for a soda instead of a selection from the drink menu is likely an example of ________.
b. choice overload
Mental age divided by chronological age times 100 refers to _______.
b. intelligence quotient
Darcy is a contestant on a morning radio call in program. Darcy is given 10 seconds to answer the question-of-the-day. With no time for preparation, Darcy is asked by the program host to calculate how many one dozen egg cartons can be filled with 948 eggs. As the timer begins the 10-second countdown, Darcy performs a mental calculation while carefully concentrating on the numbers she is using and arrives at the correct answer of 79 cartons. To arrive at the correct answer for the radio call in program question-of-the-day, Darcy used ________.
b. reflective processing d. transformation rules
Howard recently damaged his amygdala in a car accident. In this scenario, Howard is most likely to _____.
be blind to emotion
Needs that must be met for one's survival are referred to as __________ motives.
biological
Annabel has had eating issues for the past several years where she goes from periods where she eats a huge amount of snack foods such as cookies or chips and afterward she will exercise for hours to compensate for her eating. Despite her eating issues, her body weight is within the average range. What does this behavior likely reflect?
c. Bulimia nervosa
Which one of the following brain areas are associated with higher-level mental processes?
c. Frontal lobes
For the past month, Eva has felt irritable and anxious. She has declined several social invitations and is not sleeping well at night. Eva decides she needs some help and schedules an appointment at her campus counseling center. Which of the following can we correctly assume about Eva?
c. She is able to read emotions.
Dr. Roberts is a research chemist and while sitting at home relaxing suddenly has an idea that she thinks will work to create a new adhesive. Dr. Roberts begins working on her idea the next day at her lab and is rewarded with a positive outcome when she tests her new combination of chemicals. Which of the following stages of creative thought is best characterized by Dr. Roberts's chemical test in her lab?
c. Verification
The Flynn effect would most likely apply to which question?
c. Which answer choice completes the pattern?
Maria was asked by her former classmate Theresa what she was doing on May 19th last year. Maria replied that she had no idea. Theresa said that it was the day of their high school graduation, and Maria then was able to recall in detail what she did that day. Maria's inability to recall at first was most likely because she was experiencing ________.
c. a lack of retrieval cues
In the context of creative thinking, the number of times people shift from one class of possible uses to another is called ________.
c. flexibility
The relationship between arousal and performance forms a(n) _________.
c. inverted U function
Chaunte is preparing to make an attempt at the high jump. Before starting her jump, Chaunte closes her eyes and envisions every motion she will make when completing the jump. Chaunte is using ________.
c. kinesthetic imagery
The inability to remember an old email password sometime after creating a new password is an example of ________.
c. retroactive interference
The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating is called the _______.
c. set point
Eidetic imagery can best be described as ________.
cinematic
In Russia, Ivan Pavlov discovered __________conditioning.
classical
Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of
cognitive learning.
Creativity is the ability to:
combine mental elements in new and useful ways.
In the context of mental blocks that hinder problem solving, learned barriers are:
conventions about uses, meanings, possibilities, and taboos.
In Binet's test of intelligence, items included at each age level were those which
could be answered by an average child of that age.
People who have a strong capacity for mental imagery also tend to rank highly in ________.
creativity
In the context of intellectual disabilities, the consumption of iodized salt has made _____ rare in developed nations.
cretinism
Which one of the following is a finding of Terman's research on gifted children?
d. A child's talents are most likely to blossom when he or she is nurtured with education and encouragement.
What is the correct term used for a 24-hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species?
d. Circadian rhythm
During a family gathering Sorboni asks her grandfather to tell her about his immigration to the United States when he was a child. What will the grandfather draw upon to tell Sorboni his story?
d. Episodic memory
Adah has driven the same route to work every day for 35 years. Last week, the highway department opened a new bypass that saves Adah 15 minutes in travel time. However, three times this week, Adah forgot to turn onto the bypass and ended up taking her traditional route to work. Which biological concept likely caused Adah to make this mistake?
d. Long-term potentiation.
Chantal is memorizing her lines for the school play. She read and practiced her lines for Act 1 until she mastered them, then went on to review Act 2, and eventually memorized the lines for Act 3. What strategy did Chantal use to remember all her lines?
d. Part learning
Which of the following defines negative reinforcement?
d. Strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant from the environment
Which of the following is the best example of using a mnemonic device to remember the cel phone number of a friend?
d. Susan makes up a sentence with words that start with the same letter as the word for each number of his friend's cell phone number.
Which one of the following statements best describes the effect of the environment on the intelligence of a child?
d. The IQs of low socioeconomic status children may be more dramatically influenced by environmental factors than the IQs of high socioeconomic status children.
Elaborative processing improves memory for a piece of information by adding ________.
d. meaning
General life satisfaction combined with frequent positive emotions and relatively few negative emotions is known as ____________.
d. subjective well-being
A disjunctive concept is:
defined by the presence of at least one of several possible features.
Alfred Binet is best known for
developing the first useful individual test of intelligence.
In the context of differences in intelligence between males and females, it can be said that today, _____.
differences in intelligence between males and females have almost disappeared among children and young adults
Stimuli that precede rewarded and nonrewarded responses in operant conditioning are called _____.
discriminative stimuli
The ability to retain a "projected" mental picture long enough to use it as a source of information is called _____.
eidetic imagery
In the context of associative learning, antecedents are:
events that precede a response.
Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of
experience
In the context of sexual orientation, asexuals _____.
experience little or no sexual attraction
In problem solving, the tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives, is called _____.
fixation
The conceptual structure in which we store memories is similar to a ________.
flowchart
In the context of sexual dysfunctions, penetration disorder is characterized by
genital pain before, during, or after sexual intercourse
The "target," or objective, of one's motivated behavior is known as a(n)
goal
Soren had a brain tumor in a difficult area and required a risky operation to remove it. After the surgery, Soren was unable to form new memories. It is likely that the surgical procedure damaged his ______________.
hippocampus
In the context of the influence of heredity on intelligence, research suggest that _____.
identical twins who grow up in the same family show higher correlation in intelligence quotients as compared with fraternal twins who are raised in different environments
Desirable goals may motivate behavior in the absence of internal need. This property is known as a goal's
incentive value.
The overall ability to think rationally, to act with purpose, and to adapt to one's surroundings is called _______.
intelligence
The global capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment is known as
intelligence.
In the context of the phases of sexual response explained by Masters and Johnson, the plateau phase is characterized by
intense physical arousal
Motivation is defined as
internal processes that arouse, maintain, and direct activities.
A feature of latent learning is that it:
is not immediately observable in an organism's behavior.
A word's denotative meaning is:
its exact, or dictionary, definition.
As a young teenager riding in the car to her grandparents' house, Malika always noticed the various landmarks, highway exits, and street signs. When she got her license, she drove to visit her grandparents by herself, without once having to turn on the GPS or ask for directions. Malika is demonstrating ________.
latent learning
Aubry failed his English class because he was unable to deal with the ambiguity of starting research for a required paper on an unfamiliar topic. Aubry's barrier to problem solving was most likely ________.
learned
A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of
learning
Operant conditioning involves _____.
learning voluntary responses
Escape learning involves:
making a response in order to end an aversive stimulus
Homo Sapiens comes from the Latin words for
man and wise.
Episodic memory is a form of:
memory that stores an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
Iconic memory is defined as a:
mental image or visual representation.
To ace simple tasks, the optimal level of arousal to attain peak performance should be _____.
moderate
Motivation and emotion are both derived from the Latin word movere, which means to
move
Howard Gardner's theory of _____ states that there are several specialized types of intellectual ability.
multiple intelligences
Primary reinforcers are:
natural reinforcers rooted in biology.
The distribution of adult intelligence quotient scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition approximates a(n) _____.
normal distribution
Acquiring information on how to perform new behaviors by watching others is called _____.
observational learning
Professional athletes often donate time and money to various community programs and nonprofit organizations, with their efforts documented by cameras, social media, and news stories. In addition to helping people in need, the athletes hope their celebrity status will encourage others to perform similar actions through the process of ________.
observational learning
Intelligence cannot be
observed directly.
A circadian rhythm refers to a cycle
of bodily functions and arousal that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day.
Unlike other species, the success of humans is due to
our intelligence.
According to the multimedia principle, _____.
people process words and mental images together better than they do words alone
Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories is called _____.
priming
A psychologist who gives you a list of test items when you ask him or her for a definition of intelligence is
providing an operational definition.
During an experiment, two water balloons of the same size were thrown with the same speed at Mike and Jason. Mike and Jason were asked to dodge the balloons every time the balloons were thrown at them. In all the instances, unlike Jason, Mike was able to dodge the balloons. When asked about this, Jason said that the balloons were too fast for him. It can be said that Mike's _____ is most likely lower than Jason's.
reaction time
Chung's mother asks if he could stop at the local mall and pick up her handbag at the mall's security office. Chung was unsure what his mother's handbag looked like, but when he arrived at the security office, he quickly identified the handbag from several others. To correctly identify the missing handbag, Chaska used ________.
recognition
The process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories is called _____.
redintegration
In the context of classical conditioning, systematic desensitization involves:
reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear.
Stephan takes a psychometric test several times on a particular day and gets almost the same result every time. It can be said that the psychometric test is _____.
reliable
Maintenance rehearsal involves:
repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory.
Thirty-year-old Zak has no recollection of the time when he was physically abused in elementary school. This is most likely because of a defense mechanism called _____.
repression
An implicit memory is:
retrieved unconsciously.
Mathew, a 12-year-old boy, has a remarkable mixture of brilliance and intellectual disability. He flawlessly plays nine musical instruments. He, however, lacks in general intelligence. It can be said that Mathew most likely has _____.
savant syndrome
Dana is asked to memorize a list of 10 fruits, reading the list only once. She is then asked to recall the items on the list. She has most trouble recalling items from the middle of the list. This is most likely because of the _____.
serial position effect
An androgynous male _____.
showcases both masculine and feminine traits
Crystallized intelligence involves _____.
solving problems using already acquired knowledge
According to cognitive psychologist David Perkins, experiential intelligence refers to _____.
specialized knowledge and skills acquired over time
A learned response that is exhibited following an extended period of absence has undergone ________.
spontaneous recovery
Associative learning occurs whenever a person or an animal forms a simple connection among various
stimuli and responses.
A mnemonic device _____.
supports rote learning
Experiencing one sense in terms normally associated with another sense is called _____.
synesthesia
A therapist who helps patients overcome a fear of heights by gradually exposing them to locations of increasing height is employing ________.
systematic desensitization
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by _____.
the maintenance of unusually low body weight
The term "representativeness" heuristic refers to:
the mental shortcut of judging if something belongs in a given class based on similarity to other members.
Giftedness is defined as _____.
the possession of either a high intelligence quotient or special talents or aptitudes
Morphemes are:
the smallest meaningful units in a language.
In the context of creativity, fluency refers to:
the total number of solutions produced by a person in tests of creativity.
In the context of the relationship between intelligence quotient (IQ) and race, most psychologists have concluded that _____.
there is no scientific evidence that group differences in average IQ are based on genetics
Which of the following is a biological motive?
thirst
To become a better encoder, you should:
use mental images.
Learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another person's emotional reactions is called
vicarious classical conditioning
In operant conditioning, the learner's response can be described as ________.
voluntary and spontaneous
A similarity between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition is that both the tests _____.
yield a single overall intelligence (g-factor) score