CHES
Steps in formal consulting
1. Issue recognition 2. consultant selection 3. engagement 4. issue definition ( data gathering) 5. resolution implementation 6. termination and evaluation (report and followup)
5 steps in an advocacy plan
1. Goals 2. Organizational considerations 3. Constituents, allies, and opponents 4. Targets 5. Tactics
Saying "Let the boss or an impartial expert decide" is an example of conflict resolution by: Flight or avoidance Compromise Problem-solving Flight or confrontation
Flight or avoidance Correct! By allowing someone else to solve the problem, the individual is avoiding conflict resolution.
Because participants are selected according to specific criteria, the information obtained from which one of the following group processes is not generalizable? Face-to-face interviews Focus group Delphi panel Community forum
Focus group
Hired for expertise in a particular area for which the clients needs assistance, advice, direction, etc. follows the steps of diagnosis, recommendation, action, evaluation and termination. Requires a contract or written agreement
Formal consulting
Asking participants in a blood pressure screening program to provide their reaction to the experience would be an example of: Monitoring process Summative data Formative evaluation Criterion referenced testing
Formative evaluation
The health educator at a new hospital wants to evaluate any problems associated with initiation of a system for charting. This is what those if evaluation? Outcome Process Formative Impact
Formative evaluation
Performance evaluation review techniques (PERT) is: A planning method to set deadlines and schedules A list of tasks and personnel assignments for a research project An evaluation model, particularly suited to qualitative data A management tool for projects which are not too complex
A planning method to set deadlines and schedules
Two communities have the same crude death rate (8.7 per 1,000). Select the correct statement from the following: A. If one community has more elderly people than the other, it should have a higher crude death rate. B. Both communities will have similar age adjusted death rates. C. Both communities will have approximately equal numbers of Latino deaths D.Adding sex and age specific distributions would make it possible to study differences in the communities
A. If one community has more elderly people than the other, it should have a higher crude death rate.
The professional organization that mobilizes health education resources among the many settings is the: AAHE AMA CNHEO DHHS
CNHEO Correct! Yes! Know your acronyms...The Coalition of National Health Education Organizations (CNHEO) is a collaboration of all of the various public health professional organizations such as AAHE, ACHA, APHA, ASHA).
A health education specialist is developing a tobacco prevention program. The health education specialist is looking for evidence-based interventions as part of his/her planning process. The least helpful resource would be: U.S. Census databases Cochrane reviews Community Guide to Preventive Services Research-tested interventions programs
Community Guide to Preventive Services
"The gathering of information about the populations under study, including general health status, health care, and social system available," is a definition of which of the following? Community diagnosis Resource inventory Needs assessment Community analysis
Community analysis
The most appropriate type of microcomputer application used by health educators for self-paced learning, tutoring, edutainment, and skill-building is: Electronic spreadsheet Database software Presentation software Computer assisted instruction
Computer assisted instruction
An evaluation of a program has been conducted and a health education specialist is preparing a report in a very tight timeline. Though all sections of the report are important for clarity and content on which section should the health education specialist spend the most time since it will likely be read more closely by stakeholders? Introduction Methods Literature review Conclusions
Conclusions
Prior to meeting with a legislator or policy maker, what would be the likely first step? Conduct research on the legislator Develop an advocacy toolkit Develop talking points Send a letter requesting a meeting
Conduct research on the legislator
A health education specialist is managing a mobile health intervention collecting demographic and behavioral information about its participants. After discovering a breach in the program's data storage system, what is the manager's most pressing ethical issue? Confidentiality Beneficence Equity Transparency
Confidentiality
In the process of selecting the most appropriate educational method to use in a health education program, it is most important to do which of the following? Ensure that only one method is selected for implementation Recognize that the program location rarely affects method selection Realize that all methods are equally useful in any setting Consider the nature of the audience and the purpose of the program
Consider the nature of the audience and the purpose of the program Correct: The methods selected must "fit" or meet the needs of the priority population. The characteristics of the priority population will dictate how the intervention is received.
Which of the following assessment techniques is lower in cost and can reach the young adult age group. E-mail survey Delphi panel Face-to-face interviews Nominal group process
E-mail survey Correct! Young adults are more likely to utilize electronic surveys. They are quick and of lower cost.
Which of the following is a SMART training objective? Participants will report all cases of sexual misconduct by the end of the session Participants will increase their knowledge of sexual misconduct by the end of the session Participants will be able to list two types of sexual misconduct Training participants will be able to list three resources for patients who report sexual misconduct by the end of the training session
Training participants will be able to list three resources for patients who report sexual misconduct by the end of the training session
In order to support a team effort of a planning committee, it is important for the health educator to: Acquire as many resources as possible to recruit committee members Target committee members who have the same vested interest Understand group dynamics and team building Identify only community leaders as stakeholders
Understand group dynamics and team building
2 primary sources for population and health statistics
United States Census National center for health statistics (NCHS)
One of the ways to comprehensively engage the priority population in the program planning, implementation, and evaluation process is to: Use community-based participatory research. Develop a partnership between two community organizations. Ask a stakeholder to serve as a consultant for the project. Use focus groups to assist with the needs assessment
Use community-based participatory research. Correct! Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a partnership approach to research that equitably involves, for example, community members, organizational representatives, and researchers in all aspects of the research process and in which all partners contribute expertise and share decision making and ownership.
Which of the following statements contains accurate principles to address low health literacy? Assume that everyone reads at the 12th grade level, since most people graduate from high school. Presents many health statistics, as people tend to understand numbers better than words Use graphs or charts, rather than tables or numbers to show rates of illness or injury Try to fit everything on one page, even it if means making the font smaller than desired
Use graphs or charts, rather than tables or numbers to show rates of illness or injury
During flu season, health education specialists often try to promote the flu vaccine to the general public. According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, a person who does not feel susceptible to the flu does not pay attention to message promoting the vaccine. How might a health education specialist craft a message in order to target this person? Use peripheral stimuli, such as pictures or video to increase attention Use the 4 Ps of social marketing to create a campaign Use message to trigger memories of previously having the flu Use social media posts to encourage vaccination
Use peripheral stimuli, such as pictures or video to increase attention
The health educator anticipates divisive advocacy at a meeting. For establishing issues or problems in priority order, the best meeting procedure is: Close the meeting to media representatives Use the nominal group process Apply parlimentary rules with a formal agenda Divide into focus groups
Use the nominal group process Correct: The NGP gives each participant equal say and voting.
Which of the following data sets is the most appropriate to use in determining the level of a community's health status? Vital statistics Social and political data Business and commerce data Demographic profiles
Vital statistics Correct! Vital statistics includes epidemiological data such as birth rates, mortality (death) rates, morbidity (disease/illness) rates).
When developing advocacy plans, which questions would be considered last? What are the goals of the advocacy effort? What tactics should be used to influence people? What organizational issues might facilitate the effort? Who are our allies and opponents?
What tactics should be used to influence people
A client requests a specific health service. The best resource to use to respond to his/her information request is a: Health-related Web site Health promotion database Health professional or health organization Health software package
a health related website
Health consultation is a helping process initiated by the: consultant client local health department significant others of the client
client
The lead and radon program at a state health department did not have its funding renewed and is scheduled to end in the next twelve months. A strategic plan, vision, and program evaluation data are available. What other sustainability domain or element should a health education specialist explore for sustaining the program? Collaborations or partnerships Creating a new vision Volunteer or intern staff Free materials and services
collaborating or partnerships
A health education specialist would like to present visual data regarding community assets. Which of the following can be used to achieve this? GIS mapping Presentation of public records Prevalence rates Assets listed by address
GIS mapping Correct. Geographic Information Systems can give coordinates to map out the community. This is used in health to determine community assets such as churches, grocery stores, parks, etc... On the other hand, it can also help to point out problem areas such as liquor stores, car accidents, and homicides.
Health educators are often _______ to health resources for other professionals and the commujitu
Gatekeepers
When choosing a policy or issue to advocate on with a legislator, which criteria should be considered first? If there is potential funding for the proposed policy If there have been any peer-reviewed articles published on this issue or policy How receptive the community or target population is to the proposed policy or advocacy effort If advocating on the policy would violate the Code of Ethics for Health Education
How receptive the community or target population is to the proposed policy or advocacy effort
What is the first step in ecological assessment in the PRECEDE planning model? Selecting the health problem to be analyzed Identifying predisposing factors Identifying barriers to change Listing local health facilities
Identifying predisposing factors Correct! Predisposing factors (individual knowledge and affective traits)are identified in the Educational and Ecological assessment.
People are given sufficient information about something to make an informed decision
Informed consent
Which of the following data collection methods typically has the lowest response rate? Mail survey Focus group Face to face survey Telephone survey
Mail survey
Which of the following is the last phase in the development of a coalition? Maintenance Post-Formation Performance Implementation
Maintenance
A health educator has decided to use the MATCH model. What does this stand for? Multilingual Access to Community Health Multilevel Approach to Community Health Maintenance Advancement towards Continual Health Multiple Agreements toward Continual Health
Multilevel Approach to Community Health
Health communication best supports health education programming when Community members demand quality health information Multiple communication channels are used Sophisticated marketing techniques are increased Only digital and interactive media technologies are used
Multiple communication channels are used Correct! Yes, health communication is the use of strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions to enhance health (NCI, 2002). Good to use more than one strategy.
When writing objectives it is important that they: Can have numerous indicators Do not need to be measurable Should include resource requirements Need to be clear, concise statements
Need to be clear, concise statements Correct: Remember, objectives should include who will do how much of what by when.
Provides the health education specialist with an extensive contact list of other professionals working in a variety of settings
Networking
data into categories; mutually exclusive; categories are exhaustive
Nominal yes/no
Health educators designing an evaluation to use with a free standing pregnant minor program in a local high school. Due to the limited number of participants and no control group, they would utilize a/an: Non experimental design Quantitative design Quasi-experimental design Experimental design
Non experimental design
A health education specialist is asked to measure actual use of a walking trail in a local community. Which of the following methods is best to measure actual use of the trail over a period of a week? Surveys Observation Focus groups Nominal Group Process
Observation Yes! Correct answer! Observations are used to gather data through direct surveillance.
The structures that are in place in order to maintain the organizational structure in a health-related agency refers to: Public policy Organization's mission Organizational climate Organizational support
Organizational support
Within 18 months, 65% of the target population women will obtain yearly pap smears" is an example of a/an You Answered Program objective Learning objective Outcome objective Behavioral objective
Outcome objective
A health education specialist is identifying the types of activities to be included in a health education/health promotion program. In a logic model, these activities would be included in: inputs processes outcomes outputs
Outputs
Which one of the following systems was developed to create a mechanism through which effective community health could occur? Planned Approach to Community Health Creative Ideas in Health Promotion Health Promotion for Healthy Communities Global Approaches to Community Health
Planned Approach to Community Health
Within a target population, cultural differences initially should be considered during program: Marketing Planning Evaluation Implementation
Planning
In a community, twice as many people died over the course of one year in house fires than in car crashes. Community members demand the health education specialist immediately create a fire prevention intervention. Before planning a fire prevention intervention, the health education specialist should first determine the: point source epidemic curve life-expectancy in the community population at risk odds ratio
Population at risk
A health education specialist is planning a comprehensive community-based strategy to promote physical activity. In the planning process, the health education specialist would like to use the Social Marketing Model. If he/she takes into account the physiological impact of exercise for a sedentary person (such as muscle soreness), which of the 4 Ps is the health education specialist addressing? Price Promotion Place Product
Price
Data which includes published studies or experiments written by the individual who conducted the study
Primary data
The evaluation method that helps to identify the causes of a programs strength or weaknesses and also assess need for modifications to improve the program is: Impact Outcome Process Needs evaluation
Process evaluation
The first level of evaluation is:
Process evaluation
A health education specialist wants to raise awareness among a general audience of the dangers of second-hand smoke. Which delivery method would reach a broader audience? Producing a public service announcement for local radio Creating a fact sheet for patients at a health center Developing an antismoking workplace wellness campaign Organizing a town hall meeting about second-hand smoke
Producing a public service announcement for local radio
If a health education specialist wished to use the application level of Bloom's taxonomy in an intervention aimed at decreasing saturated fat consumption, what might the health education specialist have the priority population do? Outline the health benefits of decreasing fat intake List foods containing saturated fats Compare saturated and unsaturated fats Demonstrate how to prepare a health meal
demonstrate how to prepare a healthy meal
During delivery of a health promotion program, it becomes apparent the amount of time allotted to each lessor or activity is not sufficient. The person delivering the program decides to delete some content to make the lesson fit. This action could result in a lack of: Evaluation Fidelity Validity Reliability
fidelity
5 elements of advocacy plan
goals organizational considerations constituents, allies and opponents targets tactics
In a priority population, the infant mortality rate and overall death rate for mothers with less than a high school education is almost twice as high as mothers with 13 or more years of education. These are examples of: health disparities health determinants health capacity health equity
health disparities Correct! Health disparities are "a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage." In this case, the health disparity deals with education levels.
Interpersonal channels
hotline counseling fact sheets patient counseling how to booklets
Health educators who have competent advocacy skills are most likely to: play a political role at various levels of government develop policies and bills impact a policy change create legal boundaries and ramifications
impact a policy change Correct! Yes, advocacy is "the pursuit of influencing outcomes--including public policy and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions that directly affect people's lives"
health communication
informs and influences practices, behaviors or policies in an effort to improve individual or community health
data, rank orders; can measure distance between categories; no absolute zero- ruler 1 inch= 1 inch
interval
temperature you can measure the distance between no absolute zero (can be negative)
interval
When designing audience-centered, culturally appropriate health education materials, it is essential to: Keep production costs reasonable Outsource the publishing Determine readability in target audience Involve target audience in development and pretesting
involve target audience in development and prestesting
persuasive communication
involves tailored health related messages to meet audience needs and persuade them to adopt healthy attitudes and behaviors
The health ed spec. called their state legislator and asked them to specifically support a bill to require 60 minutes of physical activity in school. Which of the following terms would describe this activity? Direct advocacy indirect advocacy lobbying educational advocacy
lobbying
organizational channels
meetins and conferences workplace campaigns newsletter education programs inhouse radio addons to paychecks
labeling data. male or female eye color hair color state you live in
nominal
A health education specialist needs to determine specific alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use prevention needs and immediately prioritize those needs with a few experts from the priority population. Which primary data collection technique would be the best to use in this scenario? Nominal group process Focus group Community forum Electronic interviews
nominal group process
any systematically organized information accessible on the internet, which may be sued by health education specialists to obtain health knowledge and/or resources for the health education process
online databases
Social Media
online interaction or communication that allows users to share information, ideas, personal messages and other content
data mutually exclusive & exhaustive; but also rank ordered; cant measure distance between categories- ranking football teams
ordinal
measuring non numerical data satisfaction, happiness, discomfort
ordinal
When reporting a program's evaluation results to community members, the most important aspect to highlight is: The extent to which program objectives were achieved through advanced statistics The participants' perceived benefits of the program The results indicating which activities within the program intervention were most successful Details of the program's history and IRB protocol
participants perceived benefit of the program
A health education specialist needs to conduct training for individuals who will be delivering the intervention. Which of the following is a critical consideration when conducting trainings? Personal characteristics of the instructor Costs associated with the program Maintenance of the training program Social norms for the organization
personal characteristics of the instructor
Advocacy evaluation is typically an ongoing activity, given social and political environments are constantly changing. What type of health program evaluation is this similar to? Impact summative process outcome
process
SMOG
readability formula
Conducting a capacity assessment focuses on identifying community: weaknesses. health problems. needs. resources.
resources. Yes! Correct answer! A capacity assessment is a measure of actual and potential individual, group, and community resources that can be inherent to and/or brought to bear for health maintenance and enhancement. The process of mapping community assets is included in the capacity assessment.
While hiring new employees, the health education specialists should contact the candidates' professional references and validate the employee's degrees. In doing so, discrepancies may be: revealed prior to hiring. complicate the termination process. concealed and are a waste of time. able to reveal the exact quality of the persons.
revealed prior to hiring. Correct answer! Yes, always check the references BEFORE offering a position to a hiring candidate. According to the Health Education Code of Ethics, Health Educators must accurately represent their qualifications and the qualifications of others whom they recommend. Unfortunately, some people will not be honest and may exaggerate their experience or education. Better to be safe than sorry, so check the references.
The health education spec. advocacy efforts are starting to be successful. The city council voted 4-1 to hold a town meeting to discuss a clean indoor air ordinance. Which type of advocacy benchmark is this? Shift in critical mass community or individual behavior changing definitions/ reframing institutional policy
shift in critical mass
PyschInfo
summary of articles, books, dissertations and technical reports from professional and academic literature
The health education specialist has core substance abuse prevention coalition members in place and is currently broadening group representation. Some new members only contribute money to the coalition and are categorized as executive participants occasional participants supporting participants active participants
supporting participants
A health education specialist is trying to decide how to collect data for program evaluation in a program to improve nutrition in a low-income community sample. The health educator is looking to randomly select a small number of participants and assess their individual attitudes toward dietary behavior change and their dietary behavior. Which of the following data collection methods would be the best to get the largest response rate in this sample? Surveys administered in person Web-based surveys Mailed surveys Nominal Group Process
surveys administered in person
The health department administrator just returned from a meeting where someone used a focus group to gather data and now has a great idea. The administrator tasks the health education specialists with conducting a focus group of low income citizens from the south side of town to answer questions about which heart disease intervention the department should offer city wide. Knowing the limitations of this assessment strategy, the health education specialist is rightfully concerned about: The reliability of the findings. The validity of the findings. The accuracy of the findings The generalizability of the findings.
the generalizability of the findings.
Reach, recall, and media impressions are common metrics (measuring tools) used to evaluate: health literacy skills the impact of messages numeracy skills Web site traffic
the impact of messages
paradigm
the mindset or beliefs of how the system works and refer to goals, policies and structure
Advocacy
the process of influencing outcomes such as policy decisions in organizations by taking into consideration how the political, economic and social systems impact peoples live
Technical assistance
the provision of direct, hands on aid that builds capacity to complete with quality and prevention tasks develop individual skills building effective organizations strengthen interrelationships between organizations create enabling environments
When acting as an advocate for the profession, communication with an elected official is important. The best first step in initiating this process is: contact the media find the legislative assistant's contact information understand the issue join their political party
understand the issue
Questions to ask stakeholders (advocacy)
what community resources are available who are the allies and adversaries on this issue who else shares the problem what would those groups who share the problem gain or lose by joining? Would you be willing to help with advocacy efforts
how to determine credibility/ accuracy of information online
who is managing the site? Who funds the site? What is the purpose of the site? does it have evidence based references? Credentials of the reviewers?
Steps for identifying the information needed for dissemination
1. identify the need 2. match the need to likely source 2. pursue lead 4. judge the quality and quantity of the info found 5. organize the available material in a format most useful to the user
5 steps in conducting a training needs assessment
1. identify the need or problem 2. determine the needs assessment design 3. collect data 4. analyze data 5. provide feedback
What year was the National Task Force on the Preparation & Practice of Health Educators established?
1978
A health educator just starting a new health promotion program would want to work with which one of the following in the initial phases of planning? An established, local media health and medical journalist The local health officials A community based organization A group of local doctors and nurses
A community based organization Correct! A health education program will be most successful if the priority population feels it has been instrumental in program development. Community organization is essential.
when starting the advocacy process, the health education specialist should develop: A fact sheet about the issue A strategic plan SMART objectives A program plan
A fact sheet about the issue
Which one of the following statistics is the most used in routinely comparing the health status of regions, states, and countries? A.Infant mortality rate B. Neonatal death rate C. Perinatal mortality rate D. Fetal mortality rate
A.Infant mortality rate
members of CNHEO
ACHA, APHA, ASHA, DHPE, ESG, SOPHE
Voluntary organizations
ALA, AHA, ACS, ARC, american diabetes assoc.
Public health and professional resources
APHA, SOPHE, ASHA (american school health as), PHEH (public health and health promotion)
ASHA
American School Health Association
Goals, organizational considerations, constituents, allies, opponents, targets and tactics are all elements of: Interpersonal communication channels SMART goals and objectives An advocacy plan Social marketing
An advocacy plan
The health educator is responsible for determining an intervention to deal with the absenteeism and alcoholism problems identified by a health risk appraisal in a corporation. Which one of the following is the most appropriate program to address the problems? A stress management program An employee assistance Program An Alcoholics Anonymous Program A crisis intervention team
An employee assistance Program Correct: Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) are employee benefit programs offered by many employers, typically in conjunction with a health insurance plan. EAPs are intended to help employees deal with personal problems that might adversely impact their work performance, health, and well-being. EAPs generally include assessment, short-term counseling and referral services for employees and their household members.
First step in formal consulting
Assessment of clients needs
Consumption, medication compliance, and self-care are considered which type of factors related to health? Behavioral Genetic Attitudes Environmental
Behavioral Yes! These are the things we actually have the most control over.
According to the Surgeon General's Report, Healthy People 2020, which has the greatest potential for decreasing morbidity? A. Health care B. Environment C. Lifestyle behavior D. Human biology/genetics
C. Lifestyle behavior
Presents the obligations of practitioners in meeting their social responsibilities.
Code of ethics
When facilitating groups of stakeholders in a project, the health educator encounters some conflict between the organizations. The most effective conflict management strategy to us is: Confrontation/fight Collaborative problem solving Avoidance Negotiation
Collaborative problem solving
In the process of selecting the most appropriate educational method to use in a health education program, which of the following guidelines should be used? Use favorite methods of the person delivering the program Find a program delivered to a different audience and deliver it to your audience. Consider the nature of the audience and the purpose of the program In order to be useful, a program must include all intervention strategies.
Consider the nature of the audience and the purpose of the program
Process by which the knowledge of one person is used to help another make better decisions
Consultation
A process that is used in organizations, similar to a needs assessment, assess assumptions and values related to health education/promotion. This is a(n): Cultural audit Strategy assessment Strategic plan Asset map
Cultural audit
Ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures
Cultural conpetency
Within the second stage of coalition formation, the task to be accomplished is: Defining the mission of the coalition Conducting a needs assessment Identifying community capacity and barriers Identifying activities to achieve the goals
Defining the mission of the coalition
The technique of information gathering which is most likely to allow for participants to present their views impersonally and confidentially without overtly influencing the opinions of others is which of the following? Focus group process Community forum Nominal group process Delphi technique
Delphi technique
Which of the following is the first step in designing a survey? Determining the objectives of the survey Determining the questions to be used. Determining the specific data to be collected. Determining the types of scales to be used.
Determining the objectives of the survey You are correct! This is part of Step 1: Planning the survey when survey objectives, monetary resources, time resources, and personnel resources are determined.
Which section of the health education program evaluation report is most likely to be read by those involved or affected by the evaluation research? Results Literature review Methodology Discussion/ conclusions
Discussion
If a health education specialist is designing an intervention to be delivered using an emerging technology, which preliminary planning question is most important? Does the priority population of interest use this type of technology? Which journal will publish a pair about a health intervention using this technology? How much will it cost to conduct staff training on this technology? What other health organizations are using this type of technology?
Does the priority population of interest use this type of technology? Correct! It is important that when selecting technologies, the priority population has access to and knows how to use emerging technologies.
The health education specialist would use a prioritization matrix in which of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model? Implementation Social assessment Intervention alignment and administrative and policy assessment Epidemiological assessment
Epidemiological assessment
Refers to application of observation, theory and science based experiments to improve the health of the population
Evidence-based public health
According to the centers for disease control and preventions framework for program evaluation, being realistic, prudent, diplomatic and frugal is part of which standard for effective evaluation? Accuracy Feasibility Propriety Utility
Feasibility
Electronic mailing lists are used by health educators to send announcements and questions to others in the field. One example of an e-mailing list is: CHID USDHHS HEDIR CDP
HEDIR Correct! HEDIR is an acronym for the Health Education Directory. Health educators can go on the list serve and ask questions, post jobs, make announcements, etc... Great way to stay connected in the field. I highly recommend that you sign up for the HEDIR ListServe.
If your agency has limited financial resources, the most reliable Web site to use as a source to find a wide variety of down-loadable health education material is: GEM HRSA HEDIR CHID
HRSA Correct! Yes, the Health Resources and Services Administration of the USDHHS provides a variety of health education materials free of charge.
Smoking bans on public golf courses are which type of strategy in a community-based smoking prevention program? Environmental Change Health Policy Health Mobilization Health Communication
Health Policy
governmental sources for information
Healthy people 2020, CDC, FDA, united states department of agriculture, health resources and services administration (HRSA), NIH, Department of health and human services.
After a clean indoor air ordnance passes with the help of advocacy efforts, Big Tobacco attempts to overturn it. A community health coalition stops its campaign. Which type of advocacy benchmark is this? Holding the line Shift in critical mass Institutional policy Changing definitions/reframing
Holding the line Correct: Yes, lobbyist trying to overturn decisions and coalitions trying to stop their campaign is an example of holding the line.
To determine the immediate effects of a health education program, the health education specialist should use which type of evaluation? Impact Process Formative Putcome
Impact
Does not require a written agreement or formal contract. Types of consulting consists of acting as a resource person responsible for organizing health education materials and responding to requests for health education information and literature/ materials
Informal consulting
A health educator has just begun his/her career after graduation. He is trying to make contacts with other professionals so that he can network and share ideas. Which of the following ways is the best way to achieve this? Call the state health department to request a mailing list of health educators Join a professional health education organization Subscribe to a health education list serve Listen to podcasts regarding health issues by experts in the field
Join a professional health education organization
Three common measures for health communication include change in:
Knowledge, attitude and behavior
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral factor that must be considered to assess the root cause of racial and ethnic disparities? Limited access to quality health care Exposure to toxins Lack of seat belt use Poverty
Lack of seat belt use
Men will be able to identify anatomical structures of the male genitalia" Correct! Learning objective Program objective Behavioral objective Outcome objective
Learning objective Correct! Sometimes known as "cognitive" or "affective" objectives, this is what you want the participant to take with them when they leave the program. Key words in the question are "able to identify". Also look for terms like "list".
Which of the following is common way to illustrate alignment of programs with an organization's mission and goals? Timeline Evaluation plan Gantt chart Logic model
Logic model
Gold standards of degrees in community health
MPH or MSPH
The success of the coalition or collaborative entity will be fostered if: Members network only inside the coalition to prevent opposing ideas and movements Members are encouraged to find neutral individuals for participation in activities Membership benefits are equalized and all contributions treated the same Membership contributions to decision-making are encouraged
Membership contributions to decision-making are encouraged
A phrase or short statement that clearly describes the overall focus of the program is a/an: Objective Goal Mission statement Motto
Mission statement Correct! This statement gives a distinctive purpose and unique reason for the existence of a program.
A health education specialist would like to attend a school board meeting to discuss safety issues in the school. Though multiple forms of data will be used, which of the following will cause a more emotional reaction to evidence the necessity of an intervention? GIS data of the community Data presented from a survey of high school seniors National data from the CDC compared to state data regarding safety Photo voice or story telling from the students' point of view
Photo voice or story telling from the students' point of view
The first stage in organizing a coalition is: Correct Answer Preformation Needs analysis Pre-planning Identifying key members
Preformation
A clinic is expanding outreach services and facilities with a new unit focused on prevention and treatment of chronic disease. The health education specialist is tasked with gathering local data on these conditions. Which is the most useful rate to use? Attack rate Prevalence rate Natality rate Incidence rate
Prevalence rate Correct! This is the best answer. Prevalence rate describes the total number of people with the disease.
By 2020, volunteers will distribute informational fliers to at least 50% of program participants. This is an example of which type of objective? Outcome Impact Summative Process
Process
Instruction for adults should be focused on which of the following? Evaluation Price Scheduling Process
Process
During a health education program, questions about whether the participants like the instructional materials and if instructors find them easy to use are examples of: Process evaluation Summative evaluation Outcome evaluation Impact evaluation
Process evaluation
Which method represents a secondary source for a needs assessment? Interviews with key informants. Published data from a CDC article. Focus groups Internet survey of program participants
Published data from a CDC article. Yes, this is the correct answer. Remember, secondary data is collected by others who are valid and reliable sources of information.
Data that begins as descriptions about a program or its participants are considered: Internally valid data Qualitative data Quantitative data Implementation data
Qualitative data
Which one of the following components in the Health Field Concept has the least impact on health status? Human biology Environment Quality of health care Lifestyle behaviors
Quality of care
levels of training
Reaction: participants feelings about the training learning: extent to which they changed attitudes, skills knowledge behavior: employing the skills on the job results: effects on the organization because of training
A work-site health promotion planning committee will be most effective if it: Reflects the diversity of employees in the company Has financial support from management Has limited responsibilities Is allowed to meet on company time
Reflects the diversity of employees in the company
Last step in formal consultinng
Reporting final results
Health educators' responsibilities to their employers, in terms of self-disclosure and professional conduct, are to: Accept the expectations and work related assignments of the employer, without question Represent accurately their own qualifications and the qualifications of others that they recommend Keep their personal lives to themselves, and not share information about other commitments and possible conflicts of interest Make statements about program outcomes as outlines by the employer
Represent accurately their own qualifications and the qualifications of others that they recommend Correct! Health education specialists accurately represent their qualifications and the qualifications of others whom they recommend. Dr. Hillman would be proud if you got this right!
Articles of study summaries written by individuals who were not part of the study or data collection
Secondary data
Your advocacy efforts are starting to be successful. The city council has voted 4-1 to hold a town hall meeting to discuss a clean indoor air ordinance. Which type of advocacy benchmark is this? Community or individual behavior Institutional policy Shifts in critical mass Changing definitions/reframing
Shifts in critical mass Correct! Yes, when a city council or school board votes in favor of your position, you have shifted the critical mass.
The process of managing the constant change that affects almost any organization is best reflected by conducting: An assessment Strategic planning A focus group An evaluation
Strategic planning Correct! Strategic planning is a process that encompasses individual, group, community, environment, policy, and other systems-level factors that support and/or impinge upon the successful implementation of an organizational mission.
Health insurance portability and accountability act.
Stressed the importance of standards of participant or patient information
In order to justify funding for the program, the health educator, as project administrator, needs to measure whether the health education intervention caused the desired changes in the target audience. The role of this evaluation effort is: Summative Formative Clinical Monitoring
Summative
What type of evaluation is used to measure the effects of the target group intervention? Process Critical Formative Summative
Summative
A health education specialist must analyze the meaning of the data during the assessment and determine health education/promotion needs. If the health education specialist aggregates (combines) the data, which cognitive (learning) process of qualitative research is he/she focusing on? Theorizing Comprehending Recontextualizing Synthesizing
Synthesizing Correct answer! Qualitative researchers are synthesizing their data when they put the data together as a group and report it in aggregate.
Reference tools compiled for primary and secondary aources
Tertiary data
Cost-effectiveness is: The cheapest way to achieve the objective A measure of cost of intervention, considering potential disadvantages The intervention that brings about the most positive change The cost of the intervention relative to its impact
The cost of the intervention relative to its impact
Which one of the following organizations asserts a primary responsibility for promotion international health? UNICEF International Red Cross UNDP NIH
UNICEF Correct: The United Nations Children's Fund is a global humanitarian relief organization providing children with health care, immunizations, clean water, nutrition, and food security.
lobbyist
a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest
A client requests a specific health service. The best resource to use to respond to his/her information request is a: a health promotion database health-related web site a professional or voluntary health organization/association a health software package
a professional or voluntary health organization/association Correct! A voluntary health agencies generally specialize in a specific topic (e.g. American Diabetes Association, American Heart Association, Multiple Sclerosis Society)
making changes to health education messages, materials, or programs to make them more suitable for a population
adaptation
To help improve intervention fidelity, a health education specialist should create: An evaluation plan An implementation guide Evidence-based practice Tailored materials
an implementation guide
lobbying
any attempt to influence specific legislation according to federal law
Among program participants, smoking rates will decrease by 35 percent in 12 months is an example of a/an: behavioral objective learning objective administrative objective environmental objective
behavioral objective
CNHEO
coalition of national health education organizations
Newsletters, community meetings, public service announcements, and social networking sites are examples of: communication campaigns. social norms. communication channels. social media.
communication channels.
the process by which the knowledge of one person is used to help another make better decisions
consultation
CINAHL
cumulative index for NURSING and allied health literature.
DHPE
directors of health promotion and education
ERIC
education resource information center journals related to school health, school-aged children, and education in a broad sense.
The most appropriate microcomputer application that the health educator, as project manager, would use to track the program budget and manage employee expense accounts is: Correct! electronic spreadsheet database software computer assisted instruction presentation software
electronic spreadsheet
The trainer's primary responsibility is to: Select teaching-learning methods Establish conditions for learning Ensure program objectives are met Skillfully conduct the training
ensure program objectives were met
ESG
eta sigma Gamma
As a health education specialist monitors program implementation, he/she finds several lessons were not implemented as originally planned. This illustrates lack of: Reliability Fidelity Validity Assessment
fidelity
consulting which requires a contract or written agreement
formal consulting
Which of the following rates provides the number of live births in a population of women aged 15-44 years? Crude birth rate General natality rate General fertility rate Population natality rate
general fertility rate
The Cancer Control Coalition has decided that they have the capacity for an interest in planning an advocacy campaign. Generally, the first step in advocacy planning is to address: Resources/assets goals extent of community support targets of change
goals
shift in critical mass
have 4 of 7 school board members to make a motion to hold a hearing on the issue of vending machines in schools
HaPI
health and psychosocial instruments
recall
how well people remember seeing or hearing the message
consulting that does not require a written contract or agreement. hired for their expertise in a particular area for which the client needs assistance, advice, direction, etc.
informal consulting
Health educators are involved in program development for a smoking cessation class. When they develop implementation plans for the program, they are working on which of the following? Learning activities Data management Program protocols Recruitment of participants
learning activities
Which of the following is an example of phasing in a health education program? Conducting the entire program on a small scale Serving participants who differ in demographic characteristics from the target audience Offering the program at no cost Limiting the number of program offerings
limiting the number of program offerings
Consumer health sites
medline plus, healthfinder, WebMD
Forgetting to inform participants about the risks associated with physical activity before having the participants begin a program is an example of: Commission Negligence Deregulation Beneficence
negligence
Mass media
newspapers radio social media television internet
Reach
number of people exposed to the message
5th P in the marketing mix
partners
A health education specialist creates a draft fact sheet about asthma. She recruits a group of six parents to read the fact sheet and answer a series of questions. This is an example of: tailoring readability testing pilot testing cultural competency
pilot testing
MEDLINE (PubMed)
primarily medical journals
Before implementing a program, a health education specialist should develop "how-to" materials for implementing the program. This is called a(n): Environmental scan Literature review Procedural manual Adapted pilot test
procedural manual
institutional policy
school board passes a resolution banning sodas from being sold in school vending machines
policies
set of rules and objectives to guide activities
Health illiteracy, economics, and poverty are considered which type of factors that cause racial and ethnic health disparities? Societal Environmental Individual Medical care
societal
holding the line
stop vending machine lobby from introducing resolution to allow vending machines in schools
the dynamic, capacity building process for designing or improving the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of specific programs, research, services, products or systems
technical assistance
numeracy
the ability to understand numbers
health marketing
the creation and delivery of health promotion programs using multidisciplinary, evidence based strategies to motivate the public toward positive health practices
health literacy
the degree to which an individual has the capacity to obtain, communicate and process and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decisions
Social justice
the equal opportunity of individuals or groups to have basic human needs met
community channels
town hall meetings school campaigns faith based organizational campaigns educational programs speeches kiosk displays at the mall
Grassroots lobbying
town hall meetings, starting a petition
social marketing
using marketing principles in planning, implementation, and evaluation of health education programs designed to bring about social change.
What year was the first CHES exam given?
1990
Which one of the following is the correct rank for unintentional injury as a cause for age-specific mortality for individuals 15-24 years of age in the United States in recent years? A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth
A. First
In planning a health education/promotion program, a health education specialist needs to develop a timeline for delivery of the intervention. Which of the following accomplishes this task? Logic Model SMOG assessment SWOT analysis Gantt chart
Gantt Chart
A health education specialist collects fat with a yes or no response. This is what type of data? Nominal Ratio Interval Ordinal
Nominal
example of changing definitions/ reframing
change in official purpose of of vending machines to include providing nutritious food for students
Essentially, coalition building is based on: An organization's vested interests Representativeness Equity in sharing resources Collaboration
collaboration
The first step in identifying a need for community health education programs should be to: Assess existing individual behaviors Establish program objectives Conduct community analysis Determine the poverty level
conduct community analysis
A client comes to the health education specialist for health counseling and coaching. The client feels stress associated with unresolved conflict and poor coping patterns. The health coach decides to use which of the following approaches/theoretical orientations to counseling in order to meet this specific client need? Exploratory counseling Client-centered counseling Behavioral counseling Counseling for decision-making
counseling for decision making
EBMR
evidence based medicine reviews evidence based strategies, programs and medicine
the application of observation, theory and science based experiments to improve the health of populations
evidence based public health
The social media campaign to change social norms related to teen pregnancy developed by a health education specialist is reviewed by a group of adolescents from the priority population. Their feedback allows the health education specialist to make changes before implementing the campaign. What type of evaluation is this? Summative Formative Impact Process
formative
data, can measure distance between categories; there is an absolute zero
ratio
height and weight have an absolute zero
ratio
5 dimensions of RE-AIM
reach effectiveness adoption implementation maintenance
A health ed sp. visits elected officials to advocate for an evidence based nutrition program. They prepare a packet that summarizes the position statement that will be given during the visit. This is an example of influencing public policy in what way? Identifying the players responding quickly reinforcing the message crafting your position
reinforcing the message
When facilitating a training workshop on a new electronic medical records system at a clinic, the health education specialist is following the steps for successful training programs. He/she is confident in implementing the training steps, as there is little difference between this process and general health education program implementation, except for the need to: Specify teaching-learning methods Specify learning needs Specify job performance Specify instruction resources
specify job performance
cultural sensitivity
understanding, valuing and respecting the similarities and differences between culturally-based attitudes, beliefs and behaviors
A health education specialist is working with populations with low health literacy levels. In creating materials for this population, which of the following is essential in resource development? Use simple terms Present statistics focus on detailed action use few headings
use simple terms
A health education specialist is working with a community agency on an obesity prevention program in the community. They have decided to use BMI to measure rates of obesity at baseline and at one year, physical activity recalls and dietary logs to assess behavior weekly during the six month program, and surveys to assess attitudes at the beginning and end of the program. The evaluator will assess fidelity and acceptability of the intervention throughout the intervention. Which measurements are parts of the summative evaluation? Diet and physical activity BMI only Fidelity and acceptability BMI, physical activity, diet and attitudes
BMI, physical activity, diet and attitudes
The American Dental Association health education program includes the following objectives: the participants will adopt positive attitudes toward tooth brushing will rate daily brushing as a highly important activity, and will demonstrate correct use of a toothbrush. These are examples of: Outcome objectives Impact objectives Behavioral objectives Process Objectives
Behavioral objectives Correct! This is the best answer since behavioral objectives are a type of impact objective that describes the action or behavior in which the priority population will engage (tooth brushing)
If a health education specialist wishes to use online surveys because of the ease of data collection, but the priority population struggles with technology. This is a breach of which ethical principle in managing technology? Transparency Confidentiality Equity Beneficence
Beneficence
A health education specialist gives data from an evaluation regarding drug use in a community to a community volunteer to enter into a computer. Some of the participants wrote their name on the top of the survey. What ethical issues had occurred? Failure to obtain informed consent Failure to discuss benefits and risks Lack of objectivity Breach of confidentiality
Breach of confidentiality
The organization that accredits undergraduate teacher preparation program is: NCHEC SOPHE APHA CAEP
CAEP
The organization that accredits undergraduate teacher preparation programs is: SOPHE CAEP NCHEC APHA
CAEP
Which of the following illustrates an appropriately written goal statement? Education in hand washing will be provided to all employees during the first week of employment. Insurance should eliminate pre-existence clauses and should facilitate reasonable access. The employees will know the policy and the procedures of appropriate hand washing. Health education is important for all individuals regardless of their position in the company.
Education in hand washing will be provided to all employees during the first week of employment. Correct: Goals are general, broad statements of desired outcomes. This is not the perfect goal statement, but it is the best of the four choices.
Which of the following is true about successful partnerships: Constituency relations through uni-directional communication are important to the viability of an organization that values cooperation. Specific indicators related only to the program can be used to define success. Effective communications should include feedback loops through which intentions, ideas, and information can be exchanged. Reports, memorandum, and newsletters are the best ways to establish and maintain communication within a partnership.
Effective communications should include feedback loops through which intentions, ideas, and information can be exchanged.
In health education presentations, which of the following is an appropriate guideline to promote learning? Establish the relevance of the information to learners Present information unique to one setting or situation. Use passive learned methods, such as lectures Do not repeat information is any planned learning activity
Establish the relevance of the information to learners
In health education prevention, which of the following is an appropriate guideline to promote learning? Establish the relevance of the information to learners Present information that is unique to one setting or situation Do not repeat information in any planned activity Use passive methods such as lectures
Establish the relevance of the information to learners
Modifying an existing instrument to measure self efficacy in high school students. However, the original instrument was used in a college population. In order to use the instrument the health education specialist must: Modify the instrument and the proceed with data collection for evaluation Realize modifying an instrument makes it invalid, and this is not proper procedure Establish validity and reliability for the modified instrument in the high school population Not modify the instrument since the two populations are sumilar
Establish validity and reliability
The health communication system, developed by the National Cancer Institute, has six stages. The organization has just assessed the effectiveness, which was based on the objectives in the first stages. What stage follows? Implementation Feedback to refine program Selecting channels and materials Planning and strategy selection
Feedback to refine program
The health educator has been assigned to write a grant proposal on the prevention of violent and abusive behavior. Which one is the most important database for initiating a literature search? ERIC Psychlit or PsychInfo CINAHL Medline
Psychlit or PsychInfo Correct! This is the best answer. The key words in this question are violence and abusive behavior which are generally considered psychological issues. PsycINFO is an expansive abstracting and indexing database with more than 3 million records devoted to peer-reviewed literature in the behavioral sciences and mental health, making it an ideal discovery and linking tool for scholarly research in a host of disciplines.
With so many changes in health education and health-related policy on a daily basis, it is essential that health education specialists advocate for professional development for the field. Which of the following is a way to advocate for professional development in the field of health education? Develop a brochure on the diabetes management for patients Publish articles in peer-reviewed journals on the importance of professional development Write a grant that would fund a community-based injury prevention program Contact a legislator to support a no-smoking policy
Publish articles in peer-reviewed journals on the importance of professional development
A SMOG test measures Reading level of a document Environmental air quality Scope of information in a document Impact of a visual image
Reading level of a document
In the PRECEDE model, which of the factors in the educational diagnosis deals with the support functions of parents and/or health providers? Communicating Enabling Predisposing Reinforcing
Reinforcing
Which section of an original research paper presents evidence tested against the stated hypothesis or research questions and presents the statistical findings Results Discussion Methodology Conclusions
Results
If selecting items for an existing instrument, which if the following is the correct procedure: Retain original language of the question to maintain validity, even using a different population One cannot select individuals or groups of items on an instrument and maintain validity Keep the instrument short, select one or two items from a scale or sub scale, and compile into in instrument Retain scales to cover in entire domain, rather than select one question for a complex domain
Retain scales to cover in entire domain, rather than select one question for a complex domain
An organization is undergoing restructuring because of budgetary cuts, which in turn impacts health promotion efforts. Which approach to organizational change is occurring? Revolutionary Reactionary Regulatory Evolutionary
Revolutionary Correct. Revolutionary change generally occurs when there is a change or a crisis. Budget cuts would be considered a crisis.
The health educator has invited representatives of several organizations to a meeting to talk about health needs in a neighborhood that has a series of divisive issues. The educator would like to avoid a conclusion that represents the narrow point of view of few who speak loudly and may not reflect the whole community. What is the best way to ensure that community-wide views are represented? Label the committee as an ad hoc task force group so that its existence can be limited Add additional representatives and increase participation Try to keep the group as small as possible Supplement the proceedings with a community survey Correct: This would allow the less vocal participants to give their perspectives privately.
Supplement the proceedings with a community survey Correct: This would allow the less vocal participants to give their perspectives privately.
A local health agency matches senior staff to new hires during their first year. A health ES is considering ways to mentor new staff. Which of the following mentoring strategies is most likely to help new hires adjust to the job: The health ES gives the new hire large tasks to see how well they do managing them. New hires pair up with other new hires to help eachother the health education specialist has a new hire join an ongoing project to see how it is currently being handled the senior staff delegate the small projects to the new hires to project them from the bigger, more involved projects as they adjust
The health education specialist has a new hire join an ongoing project to see how it is currently being handled
A large group of tourists traveled on an ocean liner to a tropical island and developed an acute, flu-like illness. The suspected cause of illness is associated with cruising on this ocean liner. Health authorities need to know the number of all passengers who became ill, as well as those who traveled near the ocean liner. Which rate should the health education specialist calculate to provide information to health authorities? Prevalence rate Attack rate Fatality rate Cause-specific mortality rate
attack rate
Of the following, the disease that has caused the most deaths in the United States residents aged 45-64 in recent years is: Heart disease Cancer Diabetes Stroke
cancer
In working with a community that has a large Spanish speaking population, a health educator engages a lay health worker early in the planning process to be sure that the program is planned, implemented and evaluated appropriately. An adviser group is formed to assess the relevance of the program activities. These important steps are a way to help improve: Cultural competency cultural identification cultural norms cultural assimilation
cultural competency
