Child Development Final
Which of the following is an example of experience-dependent plasticity? a) An accomplished musician's brain has larger motor representation of the fingers on their left hand compared to non-musicians. b) The occipital lobe develops abnormally because of insufficient visual stimulation in early life. c) A child's brain becomes wired to understand and communicate language during a sensitive period. d) Areas that are typically involved in auditory processing are recruited for other brain functions in the congenitally deaf.
An accomplished musician's brain has larger motor representation of the fingers on their left hand compared to non-musicians.
A young child who offers his teddy bear to a distressed adult is exhibiting which type of empathic behavior? a) Empathy for General Conditions b) Global Empathy c) Egocentric Empathy d) Sympathy
Egocentric Empathy
which of the following about the Still Face procedure is False? a) infants react to the Still Face procedure as early as 2 months of age b) the Still Face procedure is one means of experimentally manipulating intersubjectivity c) babies get upset when their mothers have a Still Face because it is not consistent with their expectations of synchronous interactions d) babies with depressed mothers show more negative affect than babies with non-depressed mothers during the Still Face procedure
babies with depressed mothers show more negative affect than babies with non-depressed mothers during the Still Face procedure
Freud's drive-reduction explanation of attachment was challenged by Harlow's studies because: a) baby monkeys preferred to spend time with cloth mothers, even when wire mothers were the providers of food b) only monkeys raised by wire mothers had impaired development c) wire mothers were preferred, but only when they were the providers of food d) baby monkeys preferred to spend time with cloth mothers, who provided them with food
baby monkeys preferred to spend time with cloth mothers, even when wire mothers were the providers of food
In the video shown in class, clinging monkeys raised by relaxed foster mothers grew up to be __________. When these monkeys were separated from their foster mothers, they were _________. a) bold; nervous b) bold; relaxed c) clinging; relaxed d) clinging; nervous
bold; nervous
When adolescents undergo puberty at a different time than most of their peers, it can cause problems. As discussed in class, the most recent research has shown that ________ pubertal timing can be harmful in boys, and _________ pubertal timing is most harmful in girls. a) both late and early; early b) both late and early; late c) late; late d) early; early
both late and early; early
The development of self-esteem during middle childhood has been shown to be influenced by all of the following factors EXCEPT: a) parents' respect for their children's individuality b) the amount of time spent engaged in unsupervised peer activities c) parents' setting of clearly defined limits on their children's activities d) children's evaluations of their own cognitive competence
the amount of time spent engaged in unsupervised peer activities
which of the following is TRUE about children adopted out of orphanages? a) they don't form any attachments with adoptive parents b) it is very common for them to develop reactive attachment disorder c) they do much better if they are given back to their biological families d) the earlier that orphans are adopted, the better they do emotionally (and cognitively).
the earlier that orphans are adopted, the better they do emotionally (and cognitively)
What is one of the main reasons that instrumental aggression rapidly increases between 1-2 years of age? a) the emergence of naive psychology b) the emergence of gender identity c) the emergence of concern over ownership rights d) the emergence of an understanding of physical causality
the emergence of concern over ownership rights
A researcher who studies the interaction between genes and the environment in determining a child's level of aggression would be most concerned with which of the four "big questions" in developmental psychology?
the sources of development
Which of the following claims about tertiary circular reactions is FALSE? a) none of these b) Piaget called them "experiments in order to see". c) they involve inntentional modification of problem-solving strategies d) this substage is marked by the first appearance of object permanence
this substage is marked by the first appearance of object permanence
In developmental science, the issue of continuity/discontinuity refers to: a) under which circumstances the development of a child changes b)how biology and the environment impact the growing child c) whether development is gradual, continuous or step-like d) the fact that no two humans are created exactly alike
whether development is gradual, continuous or step-like
The notion that child development results from learning associations between behaviors and rewards or punishments would best fall under which type of grand theory in developmental psychology? a) sociocultural theory b) social learning theories c) psychodynamic theories d) none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following about temperament and attachment is FALSE? a) Temperament is believed to have a strong genetic component b) none of these c) slow-to-warm-up babies tend to have milder emotional reactions to new situations compared to easy and difficult babies d) temperament characteristics can be observed in young humans and other animals
none of these
Which of the following about secondary sex characteristics are TRUE? a) All of these are true. b) Examples of secondary sex characteristics include pubic hair, acne, breasts, voice changes, and facial hair. c) Secondary sex characteristics communicate to others that puberty is underway. d) Secondary sex characteristics are those bodily features that distinguish men from boys and women from girls.
All of these are true.
Which of the following can influence the brain's gray matter, as discussed in lecture? a) Puberty. b) Experience. c) All of these. d) Poverty.
All of these.
which of the following is an example of "replicability"? a) none of these b) a researcher conceals her hypothesis from research assistants, who are coding the video recorded data c) two research assistants coding the same video recorded data show high agreement in their coding d) the coded video recorded data is shown to be a good reflection of babies' behavior in the real world
none of these
There is a very wide range of normal ages at which babies begin to produce language. Most babies say their first words between ___________ and experience a "vocabulary spurt" around __________. a) 5-12 months; their first birthday b) 10-18 months; their second birthday c) 6-8 months; 9 months
10-18 months; their second birthday
As discussed in lecture, complex self-conscious emotions typically emerge around _____________, which tends to coincide with the age at which they _________________. a) 12-18 months; first begin to exhibit intersubjectivity b) 18-24 months; pass the mark/rouge test c) 6-9 months; first show mirror neuron activation
18-24 months; pass the mark/rouge test
Which of the following is FALSE about allocaregivers? a) Allocaregivers are typically non-parental, extended family members. b) Although they were historically important, the number of families with allocaregivers is decreasing worldwide. c) Families with an allocaregiver tend to have more children. d) The presence of allocaregivers may provide an evolutionary advantage.
Although they were historically important, the number of families with allocaregivers is decreasing worldwide.
Following a divorce, children face many changes, which can have negative effects on their development, at least in the short term. Which of the following changes IS likely to affect a child's development following parental divorce? a) All of these (Change in socioeconomic status, parenting style, and family structure and dynamics are ALL likely to affect a child's development following divorce). b) Change in parenting style c) Change in family structure and dynamics d) Change in socioeconomic status
All of these (Change in socioeconomic status, parenting style, and family structure and dynamics are ALL likely to affect a child's development following divorce).
what is the average percentage of secure attachment in middle-class American babies? a) 75% b) 50% c) 93% d) 65%
65%
Piaget proposed that object permanence does not emerge until ____________; however, other studies that have not relied on the presence of _____________ have suggested that babies might have some sense of object permanence at a younger age. a) 8 months; active searching behavior b) 8 months; sustained attention c) 12 months; violation of expectation d) 9 months; active pointing behavior
8 months; active searching behavior
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome... a) May be reduced by putting infants to sleep on their backs instead of their bellies b) Has significantly increased in America over the last two decades c) Might be caused in part by the loss of an important reflex which causes babies to turn their heads when they can't breathe d) A & C (May be reduced by putting infants to sleep on their backs instead of their bellies; and Might be caused in part by the loss of an important reflex which causes babies to turn their heads when they can't breathe)
A & C (May be reduced by putting infants to sleep on their backs instead of their bellies; and Might be caused in part by the loss of an important reflex which causes babies to turn their heads when they can't breathe)
Which of the following is an example of an emotion regulation strategy that might be used by a child? a) When faced with a daunting task, a child tells himself, "I can do this." b) A child covers his eyes while watching a frightening movie. c) All of these are examples of emotion regulation strategies that children might use. d) After being rejected by peers, a child tells herself "I didn't want to play with them anyways."
All of these are examples of emotion regulation strategies that children might use.
Which of the following is a limitation of longitudinal research designs? a) participants might show practice effects if they are doing the same tasks at multiple time points b) longitudinal design are not able to capture true changes within an individual c) attrition may create biases in the sample, because certain kinds of families and children are more likely to stay in the study d) A and C (participants might show practice effects if they are doing the same tasks at multiple time points; and attrition may create biases in the sample, because certain kinds of families and children are more likely to stay in the study are BOTH limitations of longitudinal research designs
A and C (participants might show practice effects if they are doing the same tasks at multiple time points; and attrition may create biases in the sample, because certain kinds of families and children are more likely to stay in the study are BOTH limitations of longitudinal research designs
Which of the following can be explained by the syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis? a) A child learns the meaning of a novel adjective by contrasting it with the meaning of a known adjective. b) A child learns the meaning of an abstract concept based on its relationship to the context of a conversation. c) A child learns the meaning of the nonsense verb "zelping" by observing an action and using word order to determine the subject and object of a sentence.
A child learns the meaning of the nonsense verb "zelping" by observing an action and using word order to determine the subject and object of a sentence.
Which of the following situations is NOT an example of the Problem of Reference? a) A child calls all four-legged creatures "doggy". b) A child points to an empty tree and says "Bird!" c) A child says, "Yesterday we went to the pool and swimmed". d) A child believes that the word "kitty" refers only to her cat.
A child says, "Yesterday we went to the pool and swimmed".
Which of the following is NOT an example of effortful control, as defined by your book? a) Children play "Simon Says". b) Children play "Red-Light Green-Light". c) A child stops playing with his toys when asked. d) A child successfully resists starting to play with appealing toys that he has been told not to touch.
A child successfully resists starting to play with appealing toys that he has been told not to touch.
Labeling an object that a child is already attending to is an example of: a) A language acquisition device. b) Fast mapping. c) A language acquisition support system. d) Gaze direction.
A language acquisition support system.
Which of the following are features of the proposed Language Acquisition Device (LAD)? a) All of these. b) It is a self-contained module that is separate processes that govern other aspects of cognition. c) It is hard-wired to recognize abstract grammatical rules. d) It is innate.
All of these
Which of the following is TRUE about theories of knowledge acquisition in privileged domains? a) Privileged domains include naïve physics, naïve biology, and naïve psychology. b) They facilitate rapid acquisition of capacities and theories in domains that are very important for functioning. c) They take a domain-specific approach. d) All of these are true.
All of these are true
Which of the following statements best describes societal attitudes about adolescents through the previous century, and much of history? a) Adolescence is a time of positive physical, cognitive, and social growth. b) Adolescence is a time of excellent health and few accidents. c) Adolescence is a time of positive emotions and positive family relationships. d) Adolescence is a time of storm and stress.
Adolescence is a time of storm and stress.
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of infant attention paradigms: a) After repeated presentation of a stimulus, an infant will come to prefer that stimulus. b) Repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to habituation. c) A change in the stimulus presented leads to dishabituation. d) Changes in an infant's responses (e.g. looking or sucking) indicate that the infant has noticed something significant about a stimulus. e) None of the above
After repeated presentation of a stimulus, an infant will come to prefer that stimulus.
In middle-to-late childhood, peers begin to have a greater influence on development because:o the transition to middle school causes upheaval of the social hierarchy. a) children begin to have more independence from their parents. b) social relationships become more complex, as a result of social- cognitive development. c) All of the above (the transition to middle school causes upheaval of the social hierarchy, children begin to have more independence from their parents, and social relationships become more complex, as a result of social-cognitive development are ALL reasons why peers have more influence in middle-to-late childhood).
All of the above (the transition to middle school causes upheaval of the social hierarchy, children begin to have more independence from their parents, and social relationships become more complex, as a result of social-cognitive development are ALL reasons why peers have more influence in middle-to-late childhood).
In one study, babies habituated to a moving rod that was partly obscured by a block. When the block was removed, the babies were shown either one large rod or two smaller rods. Babies who saw the two smaller rods looked at them for longer compared to those who saw the large rod. Which of the following is a possible explanation for this finding, as discussed in lecture? a) The babies looked longer at the two rods because they were novel, which indicates that they had originally perceived a single rod, and they had used motion to determine object boundaries. b) The babies looked longer at the two rods because they were more familiar, indicating that they had originally perceived two rods, and they did not use motion to infer object boundaries. c) Babies prefer looking at two objects to looking at one object because it is a more complex display. d) All of the above.
All of the above.
Which of the following is TRUE about the effects of experience on motor development? a) As a result of the "Back to Sleep" campaign, babies have less practice supporting their bodies on their arms, and so the onset of crawling can be delayed. b) The timing and order of developmental milestones (eg. walking, crawling) is hard-wired in our DNA, thus different cultural practices for child-rearing (eg. swaddling, motor skills practice) do not affect their time course. c) Experience can affect only fine motor skills, and not gross motor skills. d) Experience can affect only gross motor skills, and not fine motor skills.
As a result of the "Back to Sleep" campaign, babies have less practice supporting their bodies on their arms, and so the onset of crawling can be delayed.
Which of the following about infant auditory/linguistic capabilities is TRUE? a) At 2-6 months old, babies can discriminate between phonemes of any world language. b) Babies hear optimally at low frequencies (lower pitched voices), and it takes about 10 years for them to fully tune their auditory system. c) The onset of babbling marks the beginning of a stage in which infants are finally able to discriminate among phonemes from different languages. d) Babies learn language best when they are always spoken to as if they are adults.
At 2-6 months old, babies can discriminate between phonemes of any world language.
Which of the following errors is a child in the preoperational stage UNLIKELY to make? a) Not realizing that the volume of a liquid is conserved when it is poured into differently-shaped containers. b) Continuing to look for an object in location A, even though the child has seen the object placed in location B. c) Believing that a Halloween mask is real. d) Assuming that an adult companion would prefer candy to another snack, even after the companion said she does not like candy.
Continuing to look for an object in location A, even though the child has seen the object placed in location B.
Which of the following best characterizes what we know about learning two languages from a young age? a) Children learn two languages best when they are taught sequentially (one after the other), rather than simultaneously, in order to prevent confusion. b) Bilingual children develop language abilities on a timescale that is similar to their monolingual peers. c) In order for a second language to become lateralized in the left hemisphere of the brain, it must be learned before age 10. d) Teaching a child two languages at a young age can significantly delay the development of pragmatic speech.
Bilingual children develop language abilities on a timescale that is similar to their monolingual peers.
Which of the following is NOT evidence that supports Nativist theories of language development? a) Children are able to construct novel sentences that they have never heard. b) Virtually all humans who are exposed to language will acquire it. c) Broca's area has been found to be important for language, and is also involved in other cognitive functions. d) The grammatical errors that children make while learning to talk often cannot be corrected by adults, which suggests that teaching might not play a large role in language acquisition
Broca's area has been found to be important for language, and is also involved in other cognitive functions.
Two important brain areas for speech are _____________, which is involved in the production of language, and _____________, which is involved in the comprehension of language. In right-handed people, these areas are located in the ___________ hemisphere. a) Broca's area; Wernicke's area; right b) Wernicke's area; Broca's area; right c) Wernicke's area; Broca's area; left d) Broca's area; Wernicke's area; left
Broca's area; Wernicke's area; left
In one study, children were asked to indicate their expertise about toasters, before and after hearing an explanation about toasters by an expert. Compared to children in kindergarten, children in fourth grade reported having less knowledge about toasters overall. What is the BEST explanation for this finding? a) Children in the preoperational stage tend to focus on only one aspect of a problem. b) Children in the concrete operational stage are capable of metacognition. c)Children in the concrete operational stage do not know how toasters work because they have not reached the formal operational stage. d)Children in the preoperational stage use transductive reasoning.
Children in the concrete operational stage are capable of metacognition.
A neuroimaging study on the relation between brain structure and intelligence found that: a) Children with superior intelligence tend to have more dynamic patterns of cortical thickening and thinning (faster rate of change), which suggests that their brains might be better able to flexibly respond to their experiences. b) Children with superior intelligence had, overall, more grey matter in the cortex compared to their peers with average intelligence. c) Children with superior intelligence tend to have a slower rate of synaptic pruning, which suggests that they have a longer sensitive period for learning.
Children with superior intelligence tend to have more dynamic patterns of cortical thickening and thinning (faster rate of change), which suggests that their brains might be better able to flexibly respond to their experiences.
A researcher who studies the relationship between language acquisition and other mental functions, such as object permanence and theory of mind, would probably take which of the following approaches? a) Connectionist b) Cognitive c) Social-Cultural d) Nativist
Cognitive
According to lecture and your book, which of the following does NOT account for improvements in digit span during middle childhood? a) Increased rehearsal speed. b) Decreased decentering. c) Increased information processing speed. d) Brain development.
Decreased decentering.
______________ is important in determining whether empathy leads to ____________, and therefore prosocial behavior, or to ______________. a) Naïve Psychology; personal distress; sympathy b) Self-regulation; personal distress; sympathy c) Egocentrism; sympathy; personal distress d) Emotion regulation; sympathy; personal distress
Emotion regulation; sympathy; personal distress
Which of the following is NOT a developmental system associated with Bronfenbrenner? a) Exosystem b) Chronosystem c) Endosystem d) Mesosystem
Endosystem
which of the following is FALSE about the "visual cliff" paradigm? a) Experienced crawlers are more likely to be confident enough to cross the visual cliff than inexperienced crawlers b) the visual cliff paradigm has helped demonstrate that infants become wary of heights around the time they begin to crawl (age 7-9 months) c) social cues from a baby's mother can sometimes influence whether the baby crosses the visual cliff d) none of the above
Experienced crawlers are more likely to be confident enough to cross the visual cliff than inexperienced crawlers
When attempting to delay gratification, children use a variety of strategies. Which of the following strategies is LEAST likely to result in successful self-regulation? a) Increasing the distance between yourself and the marshmallow. b) Covering up the marshmallow to hide it from view. c) Imagining how the marshmallow will taste. d) Imagining the marshmallow is a fluffy white cloud.
Imagining how the marshmallow will taste.
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of the Broader Autism Phenotype? a) Jackie has autism and her sister shows poor perspective-taking and social anxiety b) Clara has autism and comorbid Down's syndrome c) Kelly has autism and her stepfather has Asperger's Syndrome d) Justine has autism and comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Jackie has autism and her sister shows poor perspective-taking and social anxiety
Which of the following is a key difference between the primary circular reactions and the secondary circular reactions substages? a) The reflexive actions involved in secondary circular reactions are more complex than those in primary circular reactions. b) In primary circular reactions, babies' actions are directed towards their primary caregivers, whereas in secondary circular reactions, they also direct their action towards other adult caregivers. c) In primary circular reactions, repetitive, reflexive actions are directed towards the self, whereas in secondary circular reactions they are directed more externally
In primary circular reactions, babies' actions are directed towards their primary caregivers, whereas in secondary circular reactions, they also direct their action towards other adult caregivers.
Which of the following is TRUE about daycare and cortisol levels? a) Infants and children in daycare tend to show patterns of cortisol rising throughout the day, whereas those who stay at home full time tend to show flat patterns of cortisol throughout the day. b) Infants and children in daycare tend to show patterns of cortisol decreasing throughout the day, whereas those who stay at home full time tend to show flat patterns of cortisol throughout the day. c) Infants and children in daycare tend to show patterns of cortisol rising throughout the day, whereas those who stay at home full time tend to show patterns of cortisol decreasing throughout the day. d) Infants and children in daycare tend to show patterns of cortisol decreasing throughout the day, whereas those who stay at home full time tend to show patterns of cortisol rising throughout the day.
Infants and children in daycare tend to show patterns of cortisol rising throughout the day, whereas those who stay at home full time tend to show patterns of cortisol decreasing throughout the day.
Research has shown that 3-year-olds are able to take Grover's perspective in a simpler version of the Three Mountains Task. A scientist who believes that this competency occurs because the simpler task makes fewer demands on children's domain-general cognitive abilities would be coming from which of the following perspectives? a) Theory Theory b) Modularity Theory c) Privileged Domains Approach d) Information Processing Approach
Information Processing Approach
Which of the following is FALSE about fast mapping? a) It is first seen in children at about 12 months of age on average, about when they start to produce their first words. b) It may be aided by the assumption that a given object has only one name. c) It may be aided by the assumption that a novel word probably refers to an entire object, and not just some part of it. d) It probably contributes to the vocabulary spurt in which toddlers learn a remarkable number of new words.
It is first seen in children at about 12 months of age on average, about when they start to produce their first words.
Enrolling children in daycare can be controversial. One study found that firstborn babies who were very frequently in daycare (>20 hrs per week) had higher rates of insecure attachments. The governmental taskforce (NICHD Early Child Care Research Network) that was created in response to this study found: a) Low SES and poor parenting was responsible for more negative effects than high-quality daycare. b) Children enrolled in extensive daycare were more hostile and aggressive with their peers. c) Children enrolled in extensive daycare were less compliant with adults. d) There were absolutely no effects of high quality daycare on attachment, intelligence, or social development.
Low SES and poor parenting was responsible for more negative effects than high-quality daycare.
Studies using new brain imaging techniques have advanced the study of brain development in many ways. ____________ is used to acquire high-resolution images of the brain's structure and localize brain functions, whereas ___________ is used to measure the electrical activity of neurons at the scalp. a) EEG; MRI b) EEG; ERP c) None of these. d) MRI; EEG
MRI; EEG
Marco has autism. Which symptoms of autism would the Mind-Blindness theory best support? a) Marco's enhanced attention to fine detail b) Marco's difficulty understanding sarcasm c) Marco's heightened sensitivity to bright lights d) Marco's desire for predictability and difficulty handling changes in routines
Marco's difficulty understanding sarcasm
Which of the following statements about infant attention is FALSE? a) Measuring how long babies look at an object (visual fixation) is an effective way to study their sustained attention abilities. b) Between 6-22 weeks of age, there is a significant decline in the amount of time that infants will look at simple geometric figures. c) Babies' heart rates drop significantly when they are sustaining attention. d) Infants have four stages of attention: Stimulus-Detection Reflex, Stimulus Orienting, Sustained Attention, and Attention Termination.
Measuring how long babies look at an object (visual fixation) is an effective way to study their sustained attention abilities.
Based on what you learned about autism risk, who is the most likely (or has the highest risk) of having autism, all other factors being equal: a) Sara, a young girl with an identical twin with autism b) Michael, a young boy with an identical twin with autism c) Kristen, a young girl with a cousin with autism d) Zach, a young boy with no family members with autism
Michael, a young boy with an identical twin with autism
Which theory of cognitive development in privileged domains relies on children with autism as evidence? a) Piagetian Theory b) Theory Theory c) Information Processing Theory d) Modularity Theory
Modularity Theory
Which of the following statements about myelination is FALSE? a) Developmental increases in myelination are linked to the brain's ability to function as a coordinated system. b) Myelination increases the speed at which a neuron can send an electrical impulse. c) Myelination improves communication between physically distant regions of the brain. d) Myelination is mostly complete by the second year of life.
Myelination is mostly complete by the second year of life.
Which of the following is FALSE about infant crying? a) Newborn babies choose to cry when they want attention or are bored. b) The frequency of crying depends, in part, on culture - babies tend to cry less in cultures where mothers spend more time holding their babies. c) Hearing a baby's cry causes physiological changes, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, in adult listeners. d) Higher pitched cries with short pauses are perceived as more urgent and unpleasant by adults. e) None of the above
Newborn babies choose to cry when they want attention or are bored.
Place these milestones of cognitive development in chronological order (starting with the earliest): i) Symbolic Representations ii) Object Permanence iii) Conservation iv) Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Object Permanence, Symbolic Representations, Conservation, Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Which of the following about peer pressure and conformity is FALSE? a) Similarity becomes more predictive of friendships in adolescence; however this relationship may be driven by increased conformity. b) Deviancy training occurs when a group responds positively to bad behavior, and is more common in boys. c) Adolescents tend to select peers that are similar to them in high school, even though they have access to a more diverse group of peers. d) Older adolescents are more susceptible to peer pressure compared to younger adolescents.
Older adolescents are more susceptible to peer pressure compared to younger adolescents.
Which of the following findings does NOT provide support for intermodal perception in babies? a) People tend to slow down, exaggerate, and simplify their actions when interacting with babies, in what has been dubbed "motionese." b) Newborn babies can recognize their mothers' faces, but only if they are paired with voices. c) 1-month-olds look longer at textured pacifiers they have sucked on, even if they haven't seen them before. d) 5-month-olds listening to emotional voices will look at emotion- consistent facial expressions.
People tend to slow down, exaggerate, and simplify their actions when interacting with babies, in what has been dubbed "motionese."
Which of the following is FALSE about a permissive parenting style? a) Children of permissive parents tend to be less mature than children of parents with other styles. b) Permissive parents encourage independence in their children. c) Permissive parents tend to let their children learn through their own mistakes
Permissive parents encourage independence in their children.
___________ are characteristics that make people better able to cope with negative life experiences and promote ____________, whereas ___________ are characteristics that make people more susceptible to negative experiences. a) Protective factors; resilience; risk factors b) Risk factors; resilience; protective factors c) Protective factors; ecological systems; risk factors d) Risk factors; ecological systems; protective factors
Protective factors; resilience; risk factors
Which is FALSE about the effects of schooling on cognitive development? a) Schooling leads to the development of better strategies for memory and metacognition. b) Schooling improves performance on conservation tests that assess concrete operational thinking. c) Schooling also helps improve cognitive development in the second generation. That is, children whose parents went to school tend to show greater school readiness compared to children whose parents did not. d) Schooling improves children's general knowledge.
Schooling improves performance on conservation tests that assess concrete operational thinking.
Which of the following is FALSE about teen sex? a) Teenage girls are more likely than boys to report being coerced into having sex. b) Teen sex is associated with a greater risk of depression. c) Teenage boys are more likely to feel positive about having sex. d) Teen sex is always associated with negative outcomes, regardless of whether it is taking place in the context of a committed relationship.
Teen sex is always associated with negative outcomes, regardless of whether it is taking place in the context of a committed relationship.
Research with Kanzi and other apes has thus far shown: a)That apes might also possess an innate language acquisition device (LAD). b) That it is possible for bonobos to learn how to understand many spoken words and phrases. c) None of the above. d) there is strong evidence that non-human primates can produce complex novel sentences.
That it is possible for bonobos to learn how to understand many spoken words and phrases.
Which of the following is TRUE about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5)? a) The DSM 5 is based on classification of adult symptoms with a number of specifiers for disorders in childhood. b) The DSM 5 contains no information about childhood disorders. c) None of these. d) There is one DSM 5 guide for children and another for adults.
The DSM 5 is based on classification of adult symptoms with a number of specifiers for disorders in childhood.
Research from the connectionist perspective has shown that: o Computers do not make grammatical errors, like overregularization. a) All of these. b) All aspects of language acquisition can be easily modeled using a series of interconnected units. c) The ability to identify words in a language can be acquired by a computer through statistical learning.
The ability to identify words in a language can be acquired by a computer through statistical learning.
Which of the following is FALSE about the A not B error? a)The fact that babies sometimes look at B while searching under A demonstrates that they are not yet able to sustain their attention for long enough to perform the task correctly. b) According to Piaget, the A not B error demonstrates that object permanence is fragile in babies between 8-12 months of age. c) The A not B error could occur because babies are not able to maintain the object's new location in memory for a long enough time. d) The A not B error might occur because babies have not developed sufficient inhibitory control to prevent themselves from looking under A.
The fact that babies sometimes look at B while searching under A demonstrates that they are not yet able to sustain their attention for long enough to perform the task correctly.
Which of the following about "skeletal principles" is FALSE? a) The notion of skeletal principles was first proposed by Piaget, and underlines the importance of stages in cognitive development b) Skeletal principles posit that infants are biologically programmed to orient towards important things in their environments c) In order for babies to actually learn about the properties of their environments, they must experience them. d) Skeletal principles are a theoretical middle ground in the nature- nurture debate.
The notion of skeletal principles was first proposed by Piaget, and underlines the importance of stages in cognitive development
Which of the following is NOT a critique of Piaget's stage model of cognitive development? a)Many of Piaget's tasks, which required overt actions, led to an underestimation of infants' cognitive abilities. b) Stage models overestimate the consistency of children's thinking. c) The stage model was mainly quantitative; however more recent research has demonstrated that cognitive development is actually qualitative in nature. d) Piaget's theories are vague with respect to the mechanisms by which children progress through the stages.
The stage model was mainly quantitative; however more recent research has demonstrated that cognitive development is actually qualitative in nature.
Which of the following is TRUE about infant sleep patterns? a) There is no evidence to suggest that either "ferberizing" or co- sleeping is superior. b) Studies have shown that "ferberizing" leads to better outcomes, because babies become more independent from their caregivers. c) Studies have shown that co-sleeping is superior to "ferberizing", because it fosters a strong bond between babies and their caregivers. d) It is common for babies to sleep for 16 hours in a row without waking up at all.
There is no evidence to suggest that either "ferberizing" or co- sleeping is superior.
Which of the following BEST describes a typical 3-year-old's performance on false-belief style tasks where something (like a crayon box) has unexpected contents or is made of a different material (sponge) than its appearance suggests? a) They do not realize that others can have false beliefs under any circumstances, because they have not yet developed Theory of Mind. b) They have a fully-developed ability to take another's perspective and realize that they hold a false belief about contents or materials under all circumstances. c) They typically do not realize that others can have false beliefs about the contents of a crayon box; however they perform better if they are engaged in a game to trick someone that the sponge is a rock.
They typically do not realize that others can have false beliefs about the contents of a crayon box; however they perform better if they are engaged in a game to trick someone that the sponge is a rock.
Which of the following is FALSE about siblings? a) Conflicts between siblings tend to decline throughout adolescence. b) When parents frequently fight, siblings are more likely to get along well with each other. c) Intimacy of same-sex siblings remains relatively similar over time. d) Older siblings may facilitate cognitive development in their younger siblings through scaffolding. e) Intimacy of mixed-sex siblings decreases through middle childhood, but increases throughout adolescence and early adulthood.
When parents frequently fight, siblings are more likely to get along well with each other.
Which of the following is FALSE about the development of Nicaraguan sign language? a) The development of Nicaraguan sign language provides some support for nativist theories of language development. b) The phenomenon demonstrated that social interactions aid in the formation of more complex grammatical structures. c) Without formal sign-language instruction from teachers, the new sign language was useful for communication, but could not advance beyond a pidgin language. d) Younger children, rather than older children, were responsible for increasing the complexity and coherence of the new language.
Without formal sign-language instruction from teachers, the new sign language was useful for communication, but could not advance beyond a pidgin language.
According to the Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis, a) a resilient individual will do poorly in a negative environment and thrive in a positive environment. b) a vulnerable child will do poorly in a negative environment and about the same as a resilient child in a positive environment. c) a vulnerable child will do poorly in a negative environment and will do better than average in a positive environment. d) a vulnerable child will only be affected by a positive environment.
a vulnerable child will do poorly in a negative environment and will do better than average in a positive environment.
According to Piaget, ____________ involves two processes: __________________, which occurs when a person translates new stimuli and experiences into their existing schemas, and ___________, which refers to the modification of a schema so that it can generalize to both old and new situations. a) adaptation; accommodation; assimilation b) accommodation; assimilation; adaptation c) assimilation; accommodation; adaptation d) adaptation; assimilation; accommodation
adaptation; assimilation; accommodation
Which of the following key periods in the development of obesity/overweight represents a stage when body fat, which had been decreasing, starts to increase again? a) prenatal b) adolescence c) adiposity rebound
adiposity rebound
Which of the following contribute to changes in self-esteem during middle childhood: a) social comparisons b) discrepancies between actual and ideal selves c) parenting d) all of these
all of these
Which of the following is a factor that is known to affect the timing of menarche? a) stress levels. b) levels of body fat. c) all of these (genetics, levels of body fat, and stress levels ALL affect the timing of menarche). d) genetics.
all of these (genetics, levels of body fat, and stress levels ALL affect the timing of menarche)
Kyle is being evaluated for autism. Based on what you learned about autism symptoms, which of the following symptoms would NOT be considered diagnostic criteria? a) a narrow interest in spinning the wheels of a toy car b) an innate talent for playing the violin c) a heightened sensitivity to touch d) difficulty having a back and forth conversation with peers
an innate talent for playing the violin
Growth during adolescence is: a) greater in every domain than any other period of development. b) synchronous. c) asynchronous. d) similar to growth during adulthood.
asynchronous
A parent who sets rules for her child, while still considering the child's point of view, would be best described as: a) permissive b) authoritarian c) authoritative d) neglectful
authoritative
Which of the follow is TRUE about the vaccine controversy, based on research findings discussed during the lecture? a) autism rates continued to increase even when thimerosol was removed from vaccines b) despite the vaccine controversy, the journal, The Lancet, where Dr. Wakefield's article was published, continued to support his research findings c) children who were vaccinated showed a greater risk of having autism than children who were not vaccinated d) children who were vaccinated had lower IQ than children who were not vaccinated
autism rates continued to increase even when thimerosol was removed from vaccines
During the strange situation paradigm, a baby does not get upset when her mother leaves the room, and ignores her mother when she returns. Which attachment style best describes this baby? a) resistant b) disorganized c) avoidant d) secure
avoidant
Social/Cultural approaches to studying language development tend to focus on _______________ aspects, whereas nativist/biological approaches focus more on __________ aspects. a) syntactic; pragmatic and semantic b) pragmatic and semantic; syntactic c) pragmatic and syntactic; semantic d) semantic and syntactic; pragmatic
pragmatic and semantic; syntactic
which of the following is in contrast to the notion that children's development occurs in distinct stages? a) changes from one stage to the next are rapid b) the many behavioral and physical changes that occur at a given time occur in a coherent pattern c) the transition from one stage to the next is marked by simultaneous changes in a great many aspects of a child's behavior d) children often appear to be in one stage for some behaviors and in another stage for other behaviors
children often appear to be in one stage for some behaviors and in another stage for other behaviors
A young child uses his caregiver as a secure base for exploring his environment, and experiences separation anxiety when his caregiver leaves the room. Which of Bowlby's phases of attachment would be best described by this pattern? a) reciprocal relationship b) attachment-in-making c) clear-cut attachment d) secure attachment
clear-cut attachment
Children can use 2 possible strategies to solve the following math problem: 5 + 3 - 3 = 5. Children using a __________ strategy would realize that if you add and then subtract the same amount, then the original amount remains unchanged, and no mathematical steps are required to find the answer. Children using a _________ strategy might use their fingers to add 3 to 5, and then subtract 3 from 5. a) utilization; procedural b) conceptual; procedural c) procedural; conceptual d) bottom-up; top-down
conceptual; procedural
Quantitative change is _______, whereas qualitative change is _________.
continuous; stage-like
Regina George, the "queen bee" from the movie Mean Girls is both admired and disliked. She would most likely fall into which sociometric status category? a) popular (accepted) b) rejected c) neglected d) controversial
controversial
Developmental changes in brain structure and function result in children and adolescents becoming increasingly able to control and regulate their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. This is often associated specifically with changes in which area of the brain? a) amygdala b) prefrontal cortex c) basal ganglia d) hindbrain
prefrontal cortex
In a study of infants' early understanding of number, babies were first exposed to one Mickey. Then a barrier was raised to occlude their view of the Mickey. A hand holding another Mickey was observed to extend behind the barrier and retract empty-handed. When the barrier was removed, babies looked longer at a display with one Mickey. The way the experimenters interpreted this relies on ___________ as an indicator of _____________. a) dishabituation; violation of expectation b) habituation; violation of expectation c) dishabituation; perseverative response d) habituation; capture error
dishabituation; violation of expectation
Which of the following is considered a "first line treatment" for anxiety disorders in children? a) exposure therapy b) cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) c) psychoeducation d) anti-depressant medication (e.g., prozac)
exposure therapy
mirror neurons are special brain cells that: a) are unique to humans, and explain many uniquely human phenomena b) facilitate the understanding of actions and facial displays of emotion c) reverse the orientation of objects in the visual field d) allow infants to recognize their own reflection
facilitate the understanding of actions and facial displays of emotion
Brittany grows up in a household with her mom, dad, and two younger twin brothers. This information best describes her ______________. a) family dynamics b) child outcomes c) family structure d) parenting style
family structure
As discussed in your book, James Marcia has identified four possible patterns of coping with identity formation. Adolescents who hold strong ideological beliefs that have been inherited without question from their parents would be exhibiting _____________. a) foreclosure b) moratorium c) identity diffusion d) identity achievement
foreclosure
According to Piaget: a) only adults can reach formal operations with extensive schooling. b) everyone reaches formal operations. c) extensive schooling guarantees the attainment of formal operations. d) formal operations is not universal but depends on certain types of experiences.
formal operations is not universal but depends on certain types of experiences.
which of the following stages of developing intersubjectivity behavior emerges FIRST? a) verbal social referencing b) gaze following c) secondary emotion d) pointing
gazing following
Experience sampling studies of emotions in adolescents have shown that: a) over the course of adolescence, emotions tend to become more positive and less negative. b) girls tend to have higher levels of positive emotions compared to boys. c) over the course of adolescence, emotions tend to become more intense. d) teenagers tend to be hypersensitive to stressful events.
girls tend to have higher levels of positive emotions compared to boys.
A child whose moral reasoning relies on reciprocity and upholding relationships with other individuals would be in which of Kohlberg's six stages? a) law-and-order morality b) good-child morality c) instrumental morality d) social-contract reasoning
good-child morality
There are two primary dimensions that describe parenting styles, according to Diana Baumrind, as discussed in class. Authoritarian parents are _____ on the ______ dimension and ______ on the _______ dimension. a) low; control; high; warmth b) low; control; low; warmth c) high; control; low; warmth d) high; control; high; warmth
high; control; low; warmth
According to the Social Domain view of moral development, children implicitly know that there are different types of right and wrong. Refusing to take turns on the slide would be a transgression of a ____________, whereas wearing a dress if you're a boy would be a transgression of a ____________. a) social convention; personal rule b) personal rule; moral rule c) moral rule; social convention d) moral rule; personal rule
moral rule; social convention
Jargoning, which develops around 12 months, contains many aspects of mature speech; however it does NOT contain: a) None of the above (Jargoning contains morphemes, phonemes, and prosody). b) Morphemes c) Prosody d) Phonemes
morphemes
which of the following best describes findings about cross-cultural replicability of attachment styles? a) none of these b) in all cultures studied, secure attachment is the most common attachment style; however the relative proportions of avoidant and resistant attachment varies somewhat between cultures c) secure, resistant, and avoidant attachment styles are found in all cultures studied; however secure attachment is only common in Western societies d) secure, resistant, and avoidant attachment styles are not found in collectivistic cultures
in all cultures studied, secure attachment is the most common attachment style; however the relative proportions of avoidant and resistant attachment varies somewhat between cultures
Which of the following explanations do NOT support the Emotions as Ontogenetic Adaptations perspective? a) babies smile from an early age, which facilitates the formation of a bond with their caregiver b) infants are only born with the ability to express contentment and distress, which gradually differentiate into ontogenetic emotions c) disgust facial expressions are adaptive because they facilitate the expulsion of unpleasant or harmful foods from the body d) pouting is usually directed at a social partner and prevents intense crying
infants are only born with the ability to express contentment and distress, which gradually differentiate into ontogenetic emotions
In terms of sleep, adolescents: a) usually get enough in their daily lives. b) need about 8 hours. c) typically go to bed early and get up early. d) don't need a lot of sleep.
need about 8 hours.
Disturbances in emotions or mood such as guilt, depression and anxiety are known as: a) externalizing disorders. b) internalizing disorders. c) subjective disorders. d) behavioral problems.
internalizing disorders.
A researcher discovers that boys who spend more time playing violent video games are also more aggressive outside the home. Which of the following conclusions would the researcher be justified in making? a) it is not possible to discern from this finding whether playing violent video games causes increased aggression or vice versa b) reducing time spent playing violent video games is an effective way to reduce aggression in boys c) the link between aggression and violent video games is not likely to be evident in girls d) the relationship between aggression and violent video games is culturally determined, such that in interdependent societies, the two are no associated
it is not possible to discern from this finding whether playing violent video games causes increased aggression or vice versa
which of the following is not a benefit of using a cohort sequential design? a) it allows individuals to be followed over time b) none of the above c) it is possible to control for different cohorts having different experiences over development d) it is possible to determine causality
it is possible to determine causality
Which of the following is FALSE about temporal discounting? a) it refers to a subjective decrease in reward value across increased delays. b) it is strongly predictive of risk-taking. c) all of these are false. d) it tends to linearly decrease across adolescence.
it is strongly predictive of risk-taking.
Children in which sociometric status category are MOST likely to change their status for the better? a) popular b) rejected c) neglected d) controversial
neglected
Around the age of 9 months, babies shift from making _____________ categorizations to _____________ categorizations. a) perceptual; conceptual b) conceptual; perceptual c) conceptual; visual d) visual; cognitive
perceptual; conceptual
People with a _________ orientation are motivated by grades and external incentives for learning, and tend to have ________ theories of intelligence, whereas people with a ___________ tend to have __________ theories of intelligence. a) performance; incremental; mastery; entity b) performance; entity; mastery; incremental c) mastery; entity; performance; incremental d) mastery; incremental; performance; entity
performance; entity; mastery; incremental
Please match: popular rejected controversial neglected ~~~~~~ well liked, attractive disliked, aggressive or shy liked and disliked ignored
popular --> well liked, attractive rejected --> disliked, aggressive or shy controversial --> liked and disliked neglected --> ignored
Which of Dr. Mary Rothbart's dimensions of temperament would be used to describe a young child's high energy levels? a) slow-to-warm-up b) affect c) reactivity d) self-regulation/effortful control
reactivity
Responses on a measure of infant motor skills show very good agreement between two independent observers trained as research assistants in your laboratory; however, the responses do not correspond to the infants' actual level of motor skills. This measure of motor skills has high _________, but low _________. a) reliability; validity b) replicability; validity c) reliability; replicability d) validity; reliability
reliability; validity
social referencing is an example of which of the following? a) attachment b) secondary intersubjectivity c) primary intersubjectivity d) jargoning
secondary intersubjectivity
Middle childhood is typically associated with a DECREASE in _____ . a) self-regulation b) self-esteem c) metacognition d) responsibility
self-esteem
A male's first ejaculation is called _____, and often occurs _____. a) spermarche; at night b) menarche; in school c) adrenarche; in school d) semenarche; at night
semenarche; at night
One explanation for socioemotional problems that often occur throughout adolescence is that there is a mismatch between the earlier maturation of __________ and the later development of ____________. a) sensation-seeking; formal operations b) impulse control; sensation- seeking c) sensation-seeking; impulse control d) formal operations; impulse control
sensation-seeking; impulse control
Sexual minority youth face a complex identity achievement process. A youth who has generalized feelings that he is "different" from his peers is in which stage of the identity formation process? a) commitment b) identity assumption c) sensitization d) self-recognition
sensitization
In terms of building and maintaining friendships, ____________ becomes more important, whereas ____________ becomes less important as children get older. a) proximity; similarity b) similarity; proximity c) conflict resolution; positive reciprocity d) positive reciprocity; conflict resolution
similarity; proximity
The adolescent brain experiences __________________ in gray matter. a) synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning b) relatively little change c) dense concentrations of myelin d) prolonged cortical thickening
synaptogenesis and synaptic
In the United States, there are much higher rates of teen pregnancy and STIs compared to European countries. The most likely explanation for this statistic is that: a) teenage pregnancy is much more widely accepted in American culture, across all ethnic groups. b) teenagers in the USA are less educated about safe sexual practices compared to those in Europe, because of prevailing accepting attitudes in America about sex. c) teenagers in the USA are more likely to have sex than those in Europe. d) teenagers in the USA are less educated about safe sexual practices compared to those in Europe, because of prevailing conservative attitudes in America about sex.
teenagers in the USA are less educated about safe sexual practices compared to those in Europe, because of prevailing conservative attitudes in America about sex.