chpatter 6 homework

Bones do NOT have a role in __________.

waste removal

Your patient is returning for follow-up 6 weeks after sustaining a nondisplaced fracture of his radius. He tells you that his forearm is no longer painful, but he is concerned that he can palpate a "lump" in the bone at the site of the healing fracture. What is your response?

"That bump is a normal part of bone healing at this stage. As your body completes the process, the cells in your bone will gradually remodel it to its previous shape."

You are counseling a patient with osteoporosis about strategies for avoiding fractures. Which of the following comments would NOT be appropriate?

"You should avoid weight-bearing exercise and strength training because these types of exercise will further weaken your bones."

Apply what you have learned about skeletal tissue and select the factors that would increase bone density and help prevent osteoporosis.

1. Aquatic exercise 2. Calcitonin administration 3. A diet rich in vitamin D and calcium 4. Medications such as bisphosphonates, which inhibit osteoclasts 5. Walking 6. Estrogen replacement therapy for post-menopausal women

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

1. Chondrocytes: The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification. 2. Appositional growth: The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface. 3. Intramembranous ossification: Bone develops from a fibrous membrane. 4. Epiphyseal line: The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth 5. Epiphyseal plate: Area where bone longitudinal

Match the following terms to their definitions. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. Greenstick An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children. 2. Comminuted Bone fragments into many pieces. 3. Spiral Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.

Match the following terms to their definitions. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

1. Osteoporosis: Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal. 2. Osteomalacia: Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing. 3. Paget's disease: Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.

Match these vocabulary terms to their meanings.

1. The connective tissue membrane that encloses a bone is the periosteum. 2. Blood cells are formed by the process of hematopoiesis. 3. Osteoblasts are cells that build bone matrix 4. Calcium is released by the action of osteoclasts,which break down bone matrix. 5. Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones lose mass and strength, becoming brittle.

Which of the labeled parts of the bone is composed primarily of compact bone?

D

Osteoporosis is a disease that occurs due to a decrease in bone mass and density. As a result, bones become weaker. Which of the following factors increases bone density?

All of the above increase bone density

In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located?

B

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.

Approximately 1% of bone tissue is comprised of cells. There are several types of cells that are important for maintenance and growth of skeletal tissue. Match the cell with its function.

Osteocyte: Mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue Osteoblast: Cell that deposits calcium into bone to make bones stronger Osteoclast: Cell that breaks bone tissue down and releases calcium.

Skeletal tissue consists of an organic protein component with inorganic mineral salt deposits. The organic component makes up 35% of the bone tissue. The inorganic portion is deposited into the organic framework. This makes skeletal tissue very strong yet flexible. Match each chemical component with its function.

Phosphorus: Inorganic component of bone; contributes to bone density Calcium: Most abundant mineral; deposited into bone to provide bone density Collagen: Protein fibers; provides bone with its flexibility

Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely on this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins.

Ribosomes

Which of the following statements is true?

Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption.

Which of the following statements regarding the skeleton is INCORRECT?

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs.

Match these prefixes and suffixes to their meanings.

The word root hema- means blood. The word root peri- means around or enclosing. v\The word root -clast means one that breaks or destroys. The word root -blast means embryonic or formative cell. The word root oste- means bone.

The occurrence of osteoporosis is highest in women between 45-79 years of age. Why do you think this is?

Women in this age group have gone through menopause and have decreased estrogen levels.

Which of the following is the major component of the part of the bone labeled E?

adipose tissue

What would be the physical sign that a bone cannot continue longitudinal growth?

an epiphyseal line

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ________.

appositional growth

The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of ________.

blood vessels and nerve fibers

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter D?

bone resorption

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?

calcitonin

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

calcitriol

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?

calcitriol

Remodeling a kitchen to add additional cabinets to existing ones also means adding extra support. In a similar respect, bone remodeling alters bone structure without adversely affecting bone strength. What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support?

calcium

Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone. Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone.

canaliculi

What tissue forms the model for endochondral ossification?

cartilage

The blood vessels and nerve in the figure are found within which type of space?

central (Haversian) canal

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

communication

Which of the following are correctly matched?

compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

diaphysis

Which bone-forming process is shown in the figure?

endochondral ossification

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

epiphyseal plate

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women?

estrogen deficiency due to menopause

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

fat

What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture?

formation of a hematoma

Mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones plays a large part in bone remodeling. What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength?

gravity

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________.

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient. Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.

hip bone

The structure indicated by the arrow is composed primarily of what tissue?

hyaline cartilage

What material makes up most of the structure at A?

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones?

hydroxyapatite

The term diploë refers to the ________.

internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the vessels and nerve?

lamellae

What controls bone remodeling?

mechanical stress and hormones

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

osteoblast

A homeostatic imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density.

osteoclasts

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as a(n) ________.

osteocyte

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.

osteogenic cells

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

osteon

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light?

osteoporosis

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

parathyroid hormone

Which structure is seen at the arrow?

periosteum

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure at C with its primary component?

periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue

Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched?

sternum: long bone

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?)

stimulates increased osteoblast activity

The arrow in the figure is pointing to which of the following structures?

the epiphyseal plate

What is intramembranous ossification?

the formation of bone from within fibrous membranes

Which of the following best describes the process shown in the figure?

the formation of bone in a membrane

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Wolff's law is concerned with ________.

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

Spongy bone contains ________.

trabeculae

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment?

trochanter