CIS 2010 Exam 3

Data element

The smallest or basic unit of information

utility software

provides additional functionality to the operating system

Metadata

provides details about data

Primary Key

A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table

Double-spend

- Scenario, in the Bitcoin network, where someone tries to send a bitcoin transaction to two different recipients at the same time. - However, once a bitcoin transaction is confirmed, it makes it nearly impossible to double spend it. - The more confirmations that a particular transaction has, the harder it becomes to double spend the bitcoins.

virtual reality

A computer technology that replicates an environment, real or imagined, and simulates a user's physical presence and environment to allow for user interaction. This experience artificially creates sensory experience, which can include sight, touch, hearing, and smell.

Project Plan

A formal, approved document that manages and controls project execution

System

A group of parts that work together as a whole

cloud computing

A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction

augmented reality

A live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are supplemented by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data

data warehouse

A logical collection of information - gathered from many different operational databases - that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks

foreign key

A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables

Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)

A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse

project

A temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result

project manager

An individual who is an expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to ensure the project is completed on time and on budget

cryptocurrency

Bitcoin uses encryption to maintain the integrity of transactions

data analytics

The science of examining raw data with the purpose of drawing conclusions about that information

Decentralization

Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.

tools

Devices that extend the work potential of humans, help the process go forward

Business Intelligence

Information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making

unstructured data

Not defined, does not follow a specified format, and is typically freeform text such as emails, Twitter tweets, text messages

Normalization

The process of applying rules to a database design to ensure that information is divided into the appropriate tables.

systems development lifecycle

The overall process for developing information systems from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance

output

The resulting information from the computer program

Digital Ledger

a bookkeeping list of assets (money, property, ideas...), identified ownership, and transactions that record the transfer of ownership among participants. All transactions are recorded with a date, time, participant names and other information. It is a linear list to which information can only be added, with older records retained to preserve the full history of each asset.

Monitor Information System

a business function, like accounting and HR, which moves information about people, products, and processes across the company to facilitate decision making and problem solving.

Field

a characteristic of a table

grid computing

a collection of computers, often geographically dispersed, that are coordinated to solve a common problem

record

a collection of related data elements

information integrity

a measure of the quality of information

multi-tenancy

a single instance of a system serves multiple customers

data quality audit

a structured survey of the accuracy and level of completeness of the data in an information system

systems thinking

a way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed or transformed to produce outputs while continuously gathering feedback on each part

multitasking

allows more than one software to be used at a time

system restore

allows your computer's configuration settings to be reset to those of another earlier time

SQL

asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against a database

one-to-many relationship

between two entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to many instances of a related entity

one-to-one relationship

between two entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to only one instance of a related entity

many-to-many relationship

between two entities in which an instance of one entity is related to many instances of another and one instance of the other can be related to many instances of the first entity

information cube

common term for the representation of multidimensional information

Data dictionary

compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model

table

composed of rows and columns that represent an entity

process

computer program that processes the data

open system

consists of nonproprietary hardware and software based on publicly known standards that allow third parties to create add-on products to plug into or interoperate with the system

data mart

contains a subset of data warehouse information

system software

controls how the various technology tools work together along the application software.

operating system software

controls the application software and manages how the hardware devices work together

virtualization

creates multiple "virtual" machines on a single computing device.

Database Management System (DBMS)

creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security

SaaS (Software as a service)

delivers applications over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model

inputs

data that is entered into a computer

bugs

defects in the code of an information system

Business Rule

defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer

IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)

delivers hardware networking capabilities, including the use of servers, networking, and storage, over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model

data visualization

describes technologies that allow users to see or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective

Project Scope

describes the business need (the problem the project will solve) and the justification, requirements, and current boundaries for the project

intangible benefits

difficult to quantify or measure

Entity Relationship Diagram

document the relationships between entities in a database environment

single-tenancy

each customer or tenant must purchase and maintain an individual system

tangible benefits

easy to quantify and typically measured to determine the success or failure of a project

dirty data

erroneous or flawed data

peer-to-peer

every user is allowed to connect to the network, send new transactions to it, verify transactions, and create new blocks.

data scientist

extracts knowledge from data by performing statistical analysis, data mining, and advanced analytics on big data to identify trends, market changes, and other relevant information

structured data

has a defined length, type, and format and includes numbers, dates, or strings such as Customer Address

business intelligence

information collected from multiple sources that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making

process modeling

involves graphically representing the processes that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute information between a system and its environment

Big Data

is a collection of large, complex data sets, including structured and unstructured data, which cannot be analyzed using traditional database methods and tools.

data model

logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures

Database

maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)

Key

makes it possible to uniquely identify every record in a table

algorithsms

mathematical formulas placed in software that perform an analysis on a data set.

software customization

modifies existing software according to the business's or user's requirements

Functions

named set of computer logic to accomplish a specific task

blockchain

new way to store and record transactions through blocks linked together cryptographically

software updates

occur when the software vendor releases updates to software to fix problems or enhance features

software upgrade

occurs when the software vendor releases a new version of the software, making significant changes to the program

Bitcoin

peer to peer; every user is allowed to connect to the network, send new transactions to it, verify transactions, and create new blocks.

Miners

people who verify transactions and add to the public ledger, known as the block chain, and also the means through which new bitcoin are released.

Hash

plaintext that has been transformed into short code

distributed computing

processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment

integrity constraints

rules that help ensure the quality of information

subsystems

smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system

CASE

software suites that automate systems analysis, design, and development.

barrier

something that blocks the way; an obstacle, hold the process back

Types of Virtualization

storage, network, and server

entity

stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event

Off-the-shelf application software

supports general business processes and does not require any specific software customization to meet the organization's needs

Paas (Platform as a Service)

supports the deployment of entire systems including hardware, networking, and applications using a pay-per-use revenue model

attribute

the data elements associated with an entity

information redundancy

the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places

data mining

the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone

Conversion

the process of transferring information from a legacy system to a new system.

Data Analytics

the process of using data and analytical systems to arrive at optimal decisions, including statistical analyses of data

business requirements

the specific business requests the system must meet to be successful

Prescriptive Analytics

use techniques like optimization or AB testing to advise managers and workers on how best to do their job

application software

used for specific information processing needs, including payroll, customer relationship management, project management, training and many others.

feedforward loop

you monitor input variations and then adjust the process to compensate.

feedback loop

you regulate the system by controlling every step. at each step you observe the output and adjust the process as required.