CIS 2010 Exam 3
Data element
The smallest or basic unit of information
utility software
provides additional functionality to the operating system
Metadata
provides details about data
Primary Key
A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
Double-spend
- Scenario, in the Bitcoin network, where someone tries to send a bitcoin transaction to two different recipients at the same time. - However, once a bitcoin transaction is confirmed, it makes it nearly impossible to double spend it. - The more confirmations that a particular transaction has, the harder it becomes to double spend the bitcoins.
virtual reality
A computer technology that replicates an environment, real or imagined, and simulates a user's physical presence and environment to allow for user interaction. This experience artificially creates sensory experience, which can include sight, touch, hearing, and smell.
Project Plan
A formal, approved document that manages and controls project execution
System
A group of parts that work together as a whole
cloud computing
A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction
augmented reality
A live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are supplemented by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data
data warehouse
A logical collection of information - gathered from many different operational databases - that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks
foreign key
A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables
Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)
A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse
project
A temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result
project manager
An individual who is an expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to ensure the project is completed on time and on budget
cryptocurrency
Bitcoin uses encryption to maintain the integrity of transactions
data analytics
The science of examining raw data with the purpose of drawing conclusions about that information
Decentralization
Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.
tools
Devices that extend the work potential of humans, help the process go forward
Business Intelligence
Information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making
unstructured data
Not defined, does not follow a specified format, and is typically freeform text such as emails, Twitter tweets, text messages
Normalization
The process of applying rules to a database design to ensure that information is divided into the appropriate tables.
systems development lifecycle
The overall process for developing information systems from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance
output
The resulting information from the computer program
Digital Ledger
a bookkeeping list of assets (money, property, ideas...), identified ownership, and transactions that record the transfer of ownership among participants. All transactions are recorded with a date, time, participant names and other information. It is a linear list to which information can only be added, with older records retained to preserve the full history of each asset.
Monitor Information System
a business function, like accounting and HR, which moves information about people, products, and processes across the company to facilitate decision making and problem solving.
Field
a characteristic of a table
grid computing
a collection of computers, often geographically dispersed, that are coordinated to solve a common problem
record
a collection of related data elements
information integrity
a measure of the quality of information
multi-tenancy
a single instance of a system serves multiple customers
data quality audit
a structured survey of the accuracy and level of completeness of the data in an information system
systems thinking
a way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed or transformed to produce outputs while continuously gathering feedback on each part
multitasking
allows more than one software to be used at a time
system restore
allows your computer's configuration settings to be reset to those of another earlier time
SQL
asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against a database
one-to-many relationship
between two entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to many instances of a related entity
one-to-one relationship
between two entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to only one instance of a related entity
many-to-many relationship
between two entities in which an instance of one entity is related to many instances of another and one instance of the other can be related to many instances of the first entity
information cube
common term for the representation of multidimensional information
Data dictionary
compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model
table
composed of rows and columns that represent an entity
process
computer program that processes the data
open system
consists of nonproprietary hardware and software based on publicly known standards that allow third parties to create add-on products to plug into or interoperate with the system
data mart
contains a subset of data warehouse information
system software
controls how the various technology tools work together along the application software.
operating system software
controls the application software and manages how the hardware devices work together
virtualization
creates multiple "virtual" machines on a single computing device.
Database Management System (DBMS)
creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security
SaaS (Software as a service)
delivers applications over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model
inputs
data that is entered into a computer
bugs
defects in the code of an information system
Business Rule
defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer
IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)
delivers hardware networking capabilities, including the use of servers, networking, and storage, over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model
data visualization
describes technologies that allow users to see or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective
Project Scope
describes the business need (the problem the project will solve) and the justification, requirements, and current boundaries for the project
intangible benefits
difficult to quantify or measure
Entity Relationship Diagram
document the relationships between entities in a database environment
single-tenancy
each customer or tenant must purchase and maintain an individual system
tangible benefits
easy to quantify and typically measured to determine the success or failure of a project
dirty data
erroneous or flawed data
peer-to-peer
every user is allowed to connect to the network, send new transactions to it, verify transactions, and create new blocks.
data scientist
extracts knowledge from data by performing statistical analysis, data mining, and advanced analytics on big data to identify trends, market changes, and other relevant information
structured data
has a defined length, type, and format and includes numbers, dates, or strings such as Customer Address
business intelligence
information collected from multiple sources that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making
process modeling
involves graphically representing the processes that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute information between a system and its environment
Big Data
is a collection of large, complex data sets, including structured and unstructured data, which cannot be analyzed using traditional database methods and tools.
data model
logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures
Database
maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)
Key
makes it possible to uniquely identify every record in a table
algorithsms
mathematical formulas placed in software that perform an analysis on a data set.
software customization
modifies existing software according to the business's or user's requirements
Functions
named set of computer logic to accomplish a specific task
blockchain
new way to store and record transactions through blocks linked together cryptographically
software updates
occur when the software vendor releases updates to software to fix problems or enhance features
software upgrade
occurs when the software vendor releases a new version of the software, making significant changes to the program
Bitcoin
peer to peer; every user is allowed to connect to the network, send new transactions to it, verify transactions, and create new blocks.
Miners
people who verify transactions and add to the public ledger, known as the block chain, and also the means through which new bitcoin are released.
Hash
plaintext that has been transformed into short code
distributed computing
processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment
integrity constraints
rules that help ensure the quality of information
subsystems
smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system
CASE
software suites that automate systems analysis, design, and development.
barrier
something that blocks the way; an obstacle, hold the process back
Types of Virtualization
storage, network, and server
entity
stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event
Off-the-shelf application software
supports general business processes and does not require any specific software customization to meet the organization's needs
Paas (Platform as a Service)
supports the deployment of entire systems including hardware, networking, and applications using a pay-per-use revenue model
attribute
the data elements associated with an entity
information redundancy
the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places
data mining
the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone
Conversion
the process of transferring information from a legacy system to a new system.
Data Analytics
the process of using data and analytical systems to arrive at optimal decisions, including statistical analyses of data
business requirements
the specific business requests the system must meet to be successful
Prescriptive Analytics
use techniques like optimization or AB testing to advise managers and workers on how best to do their job
application software
used for specific information processing needs, including payroll, customer relationship management, project management, training and many others.
feedforward loop
you monitor input variations and then adjust the process to compensate.
feedback loop
you regulate the system by controlling every step. at each step you observe the output and adjust the process as required.