CJ 100: Module 1
This major English document contributed to U.S. law.
Magna Carta
Which is not an argument that can be employed in the defense against a criminal indictment?
My client did it.
This is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior.
National Incident-Based Reporting System
This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues.
case law
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the top layer represent?
celebrated cases
Which is not an inchoate offense?
cogitation
This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law.
common law
These are offenses committed by a corporation's officers who pursue illegal activity in the corporation's name.
corporate crim
Actus reus, mens rea, and concurrence constitute this.
corpus delicti
This is an action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of society to the point that someone is harmed or society's interests are harmed.
crime
This criminal justice model describes the expectation of an efficient criminal justice system.
crime control model
What is the number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area called?
crime rate
Put the elements of a criminal offense in order.
criminal act; criminal intent; concurrence; attendant circumstances; result
This social institution controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing and/or rehabilitating people who break the law.
criminal justice
What is the dark figure of crime?
criminal offenses that do not get reported
Mens rea means "_____."
guilty mind
This writ is issued to bring a party before the court.
habeas corpus
An example of this type of offense is conspiracy.
inchoate offense
The protection of _____ is an integral part of the functioning of law enforcement.
individual rights
The protection of this is an integral part of the functioning of law enforcement.
individual rights
In legal terminology, this is the state of a child who has not yet reached the specified age to be considered an adult.
infancy
This defense attempts to give physical or psychological reasons that a defendant cannot comprehend his or her criminal actions, their harm(s), or their punishment.
insanity defense
This is the administration of a punishment or reward in accordance with morals that a given society considers correct.
justice
In this form of theft, an offender takes possessions that do not belong to him or her with the intent of keeping them.
larceny
This is the murder of three or more people in a single incident.
mass murder
This minor criminal offense is punishable by a fine and/or jail time for up to one year.
misdemeanor
Usually the maximum incarceration for this type of offense is up to one year in jail.
misdemeanor
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the bottom layer represent?
misdemeanors
Which is not one of the six arguments that can be employed in the defense against a criminal indictment?
my client did it
What is the primary source of information on criminal victimization in the United States?
none of the above
Which is not a step of the criminal justice process?
offense
Common law is based on this.
precedent
This is a state or federal institution that confines people convicted of crime who are serving sentences for longer than a year.
prison
The suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community.
probation
This type of law prescribes the methods for the enforcement and use of the law.
procedural
How does the FBI currently classify arson?
property crime
These offenses include drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, prostitution, and some forms of gambling. Selected Answer:a. public-order crime
public-order crime
Behaviors that are deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property.
victimless crime
How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault?
violent crime
This criminal offense is committed during the course of business for financial gain.
white-collar crime
Where are statutes published?
penal codes
According to one study, what was the percentage of hate crimes committed by perpetrators who were strongly committed to bigotry?
1 percent
In 2015, Yakima, Washington, with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate?
3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
In 2015, the United States had a population of 321,418,820 people, with a recorded 1,197,704 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate in the United States during 2015?
372.6 violent crimes per 100,000 people
In 2015, Albuquerque, N.M., with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate?
793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?
Bill of Rights
How are the civil law and criminal law different?
Civil cases are between two individuals; criminal cases concern the defendant and the government.
Written on an ancient stone tablet, this collection of over 250 laws covered a wide range of issues.
Code of Hammurabi
According to the _____ Amendment, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury . . ."
Fifth
Which scenario best describes the idea of the innocent victim?
Two strangers rob a gas station clerk.
This annual FBI publication uses data from participating U.S. law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime.
Uniform Crime Reports
This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime that is available.
Uniform Crime Reports
Which group of people is not included in considerations of victimization?
all of the above may be included
Four factors challenge the transition to greater cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Which is not one of these?
All individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way.
What does the Uniform Crime Reports do?
It compiles the volume and rate of four violent crimes and four property crimes for the states and many jurisdictions.
What does the procedural law do?
It specifies how the criminal justice system is allowed to deal with those who break the law.
What does substantive law do?
It tells us which behaviors have been defined as criminal offenses.
Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime?
Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement.
Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions?
The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims
Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realize that the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?
The offense will not be recorded; it is part of the dark figure of crime.
According to Christie, which is not one of the six attributes typically associated with the idea of an innocent victim?
The victim and perpetrator know each other.
Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?
The victim may have committed the offense.
Which is not a purpose of the victim-impact statement?
The victim-impact statement is the primary tool in the determination of the offender's exact sentence.
What is the Uniform Crime Reports?
a cooperative statistical effort of law enforcement agencies that voluntarily report data on the offenses they know about
What is a felony?
a criminal offense that calls for a minimum term of one year or more in state or federal prison
How many offenses are never reported to police?
about half
To administer a legal process of judging and to pronounce a judgment.
adjudicate
Which is a source of the criminal law?
administrative rules
This defense involves the defendant claiming not to have been at the scene of a crime during its commission.
alibi
How are civil law and criminal law similar?
all of the above
In society, which of the following dictates what is acceptable and what is punishable?
all of the above
Laws must be _____.
all of the above
Many offenses that enter the system are systematically excluded for several reasons, which include the following
all of the above
Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this.
all of the above
The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify_____.
all of the above
What are three logistical obstacles to measuring crime effectively and efficiently?
all of the above
What does the wedding-cake model of criminal justice do?
all of the above
Which data does the National Incident-Based Reporting System include?
all of the above
Which is a logistical obstacle to measuring crime effectively and efficiently?
all of the above
Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminal?
all of the above
Which issue guides precedent?
all of the above
Which of the following is an important actor in a criminal offense?
all of the above
Which part of the crime picture do the UCR, self-report studies, and victimization studies tend to miss?
all of the above
After searching a suspect who matches a description of a robber and finding a loaded handgun, Officer Cerezo handcuffs the suspect, reads him his rights, and drives him to the station to be placed in a holding cell. Which term best describes this activity?
arrest
Which is not a violent crime offense?
arson
Which is not an issue that guides precedent?
authenticity
Most definitions of victim precipitation assert this.
both a and b
Police officers, prosecutors, judges, and corrections officials use this to decide what happens to individual cases.
discretion
This legal principle states that a person cannot be tried twice for the same offense.
double jeopardy
This criminal justice model describes the expectation of a just and fair criminal justice system.
due process model
A crime victim is always someone who is completely innocent in an encounter with a predatory stranger.
false
It is easy to measure white-collar and corporate crime.
false
One reason that street crime receives more attention than corporate and white-collar crime is that people are more afraid of street crime because it is sometimes violent.
false
These offenses are punishable by more than a year in a state prison.
felonies
This type of offense includes murder, rape, assault, larceny, and arson.
felony
Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims.
from birth to age 3
The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.
robbery
In a high school class, a researcher hands out questionnaires that ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed. Which term best describes this type of research?
self-report study
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the second layer represent?
serious felonies
This consists of the rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms.
social control
Wright Mills urges the use of this to examine issues while removed from our social location.
sociological imagination
The legal principle in which courts are bound by the decisions of previous courts is called _______________.
stare decisis
This is a law enacted by a legislature.
statute
This type of law is enacted by legislatures.
statutory law
These are small-scale, person offenses such as single-victim homicide, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, and vandalism.
street crime
This kind of crime includes interpersonal violence and property crime.
street crime
This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue.
strict liability
This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crime.
substantive
This is the use or threat of violence against a state or other political entity in order to coerce.
terrorism
What public expectation does the due process model of criminal justice describe?
the expectation of a just and fair criminal justice system
What public expectation does the crime control model of criminal justice describe?
the expectation of an efficient criminal justice system
What is the important difference between the criminal law and civil law?
the identity of the aggrieved party
What is social control?
the rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms
For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called this.
the second victimization
Put the layers of the wedding-cake model of criminal justice in order.
the top layer: cases that receive the most attention; the middle layers: grave felonies; the fourth layer: less serious offenses
Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse?
the victim is not dependent on a caregiver
This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trespass, and negligence.
tort law
Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?
unintentional and intentional
Criminologists use this term to refer to instances wherein a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict.
victim precipitation
After the trial of James Holmes, who opened fire on an Aurora, Colorado, movie theater in July 2012, about 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them. Which term best relates to this activity?
victim-impact statement
Deborah's cell phone is stolen from her bag. Later, a census taker interviews her about the incident. Which term best describes this type of research?
victimization survey
