CJO ch 6

1973 federal government task force report entitled Work in America. The conclusion of the report begins with the words of the existentialist philosopher Albert Camus:

" Without work all life goes rotten.But when work is soulless, life stifles and dies "

Under the Unit Management system, pioneered in the Federal Bureau of Prisons, an alternative to the traditional prison hierarchy is established.

Large institutions are divided into architecturally distinct housing units that typically have from fifty to one hundred inmates. Inmates can be assigned to the units based on similar treatment or security needs.

Three approaches to job redesign

Mass production industries have attempted to reduce or eliminate assembly lines. o Continuous process industries have attempted to enrich jobs through autonomous work groups. o Service industries have attempted to enrich jobs by combining work from different parts of the job hierarchy

Modern job design theory can be traced to Hertzberg's (1966) _____

Motivation‐Hygiene Theory

Increasing the efficiency of labor through the fragmentation of work, the use of time and motion studies, and the motivation of workers with pay incentives was the main component of Taylors _____

Scientific Management

taylorism

Scientific Management is not an efficiency device ... not a new system of figuring costs; it is not a new scheme for paying men; it is not a timestudy; it is not a motion study. ... These devices are useful adjuncts to Scientific Management. ... In its essence, Scientific Management involves a complete mental revolution on the part of working man.

In his often-cited description of a highly trained pig iron handler, ____refers to him as being " as stupid and phlegmatic as an ox "

Taylor

The task force report was most critical of jobs characterized by dull, repetitive,seemingly meaningless tasks and traced these impoverished jobs to the anachronism of_____

Taylorism

In the field of criminal justice, policing has been described as a ____occupation

Taylorized

In ____view, most people are unmotivated by work itself but are motivated by leisure and increases in pay.

Taylors

motivators

These factors,intrinsic to the work itself, include responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for achievement and growth

Researchers have also described an inverted______in which negative attitudes are highest in the middle of careers and lowest among officers with the least as well as the most seniority

U-shaped curve

One of the earliest documented job redesign efforts in corrections occurredunder Howard Gill, superintendent of the Norfolk Prison Colony in Norfolk,Massachusetts, between 1931 and 1934

While the officers who patrolled the perimeter and stood watch in the towers played the traditional role, inside the colony house officers performed additional tasks that included casework and counseling, aswell as facilitating inmate self-government within the housing units.

Motivation‐Hygiene Theory

Workers are motivated only after hygiene needs are met and sources of intrinsic satisfaction are built into jobs. o Job design is about motivating employees to meet their higher order needs

1970s strike in a Lordstown, Ohio, automobile plant.

Workers there did not protest low wages but instead voiced opposition to routine and boring labor.

intelligence analyst

a person who can analyze large amounts of information in a systematic and analytical way to produce amore efficient and effective response to crime.

Whiteheadand Lindquist (1986) argue that chronic, intense stress may lead to burnout,which has been defined as _____

a syndrome of emotional exhaustion and cynicism

One popular list of psychological job requirements " includes the following factors;

adequate elbow room. chance to learn on the job and go on learning. an optimal level of variety. Help and respect from workmates. A sense that ones work meaningfully contributes to social welfare. a desirable future

In studies of corrections officers in New Jersey, Pennsylvania,Illinois, and Washington, Cheek and Miller (1982, 1983) found that ______ were the primary reasons for stress on the job.

administrative sources

Hygiene factors

are external to the work being performed. These include pay, supervision, physical conditions at the work site, and interpersonal relations

Community‐ and Problem‐Oriented Policing programs seem to increase worker satisfaction because they provide officers with increased ____ and a sense of meaningful contribution.

autonomy

orthodox job enrichment

build on motivation - hygiene theory by assuming that workers will be motivated only after hygiene needs are met and sources of intrinsic satisfaction are built into jobs.

Correctional officer jobs have become highly _____

circumscribed.

For Hackman and Oldham, job redesign involves increasing certain ___dimensions that influence the psychological states of workers, which in turn affect personal and work outcomes.

core job

Wright reinforces this view by stating that _____ are the essence of prison organizations.

correctional employees

Alabama Supervised Intensive Restitution (SIR) program

corrections officers supervised inmates in the community as a solution to the problem of prison overcrowding. The officers man-aged caseloads of approximately thirty-five and acted much the same as probation and parole officers. The SIR officers experienced a greater sense of personal accomplishment and higher levels of job satisfaction than a sample of regular corrections officers and a sample of probation and parole officers.

Job satisfaction decreases and____increases after the initial years of employment but often returns later in life.

cynicism

Job design is the _____, purposeful planning of the job including all of its structural and social aspects and their effect on the employee" (Hellriegel, Slocum, and Woodman, 1995).

deliberate

This trend toward decreased discretion and increased control has been referred to as the ____

deprofessionalization syndrome

The Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (1967b)

described corrections officers as the " employees who man the walls,supervise living units, escort inmates to and from work, and supervise all group movement around an institution. "

Frank Gilbreth:

developed the science of brick laying

. Contentment with these hygiene factors does not motivate workers; it simply prevents _____

dissatisfaction

burnout among probation and parole agents was tied to the officers ' need for ______and a sense of providing competent service to clients.

efficacy

The use of standard classification and_____ systems has removed discretion from probation and parole officers

electronic monitoring

The development of______ for offenders also appears to be altering the jobs of probation and parole agents.

electronic monitoring systems

telecommuting

enables persons to work at home through a computer a specified number of days.

designing work so that there is a perception of ________among employees is critical to motivating them and avoiding the negative consequences of work,such as absenteeism and burnout.

fairness

Robbins and Judge offer three alternative work arrangements that may enrich the work setting. They are_____

flextime, job sharing, and telecommuting.

Scientific management

formed the foundation of industrial engineering and technology and has remained a principal influence in the engineer ' s design of job content in industrial settings.

Toch

found that 20 percent of officers were independently experimenting with nontraditional enriched roles, which included " the officer as dispenser of mental health services, as a person who resonates to adjustment problems of inmates in crisis.

Police officers' jobs are often ____ and assigned to non‐commissioned employees.

fragmented

job design

has been used to describe the " deliberate, purposeful planning of the job including all of its structural and social aspects and their effect on the employee " Hellriegel, Slocum, and Woodman

Time and motion study

has been used to determine the best location of instruments for dentistry, the need for mechanized hospital beds, and even the advantages of rhythmic movements for surgeons.

Although little research has been done, the evidence suggest job redesign may be effective in the _____

human service industry.

Herzberg research uncovered two sets of factors involved in motivation at the workplace called _____

hygiene factors and motivators

What were the results of the study of Texas Instruments enrichment jobs of building janitors and matrons?

improved cleanliness at reduced costs, reductions in worker turnover, and other improvements, including the fol-lowing worker-originated innovations

Vertical loading

increasing the responsibilities of front‐line staff

Early researchers focused on workers in ____ processes and attempted to find optimal methods for getting manual labor done

industrial

Allowing _____ appears to increase productivity among community corrections workers.

innovation

The police professional of the twenty-first century must be an ____

intelligence analyst

job sharing

involves persons sharing job responsibilities and performing them on an agreed upon schedule

Job design efforts have frequently incorporated a process known as _____, or the study of work assignments with the goal of specifying the precise skills and training needed for the work.

job analysis

Criticism of motivation

motivated employees need not be satisfied with the contexts of work. it pays too little attention to differences in workers ' responses to jobs.

Despite attention on client content issues, job satisfaction appears to be more affected by

o Boredom, o Excessive demands, o Role conflict, o Role ambiguity, and o A lack of participation in decision making

The Americans with Disabilities Act has a profound affect on the criminal justice system.

o Physical access to the court system o Fair treatment of disabled criminal justice employees o Health care benefits

For most of the 20th Century the objectives of job design were:

o Technological improvements, and o Efficiency of labor.

Other job design objectives, including psychological job requirements are more widely used now such as ;

oAdequate elbow room Adequate elbow room oChances to learn on the job and to keep on learning o An optimal level of variety o A sense that one's own work is meaningful o A desirable future

Job enrichment models, which Herzberg calls ______ build on motivation - hygiene theory by assuming that workers will be motivated only after hygiene needs are met and sources of intrinsic satisfaction are built into jobs.

orthodox job enrichment

this theory, is concerned not simply with improved efficiency but with motivating employees by meeting their higher-order needs.

orthodox job enrichment

Taylors concern with increasing efficiency through the fragmentation of work and close supervision has found wide application in the _____ industries.

people work

Lambert andHogan (2010) they found that _____ of innovation can lead toward reduced job stress, in-creased job satisfaction, and more organizational commitment among employees.

perceptions

Angells (1971) model of team policing

policing involves teams of police generalistswho provide services to designated neighborhoods. Teams are composed of officers of equal rank who are assigned to relatively small geographical areas for ex-tended periods, which gives them a chance to become familiar with the culturally homogeneous neighborhoods and to work closely with residents

The Job Diagnostic Survey

provides measures of the core job dimensions as well as measures of the worker-related variables.

Flextime

provides the opportunity for workers to schedule their own hours

single status

refers to a reward structure that is based on relevant job criteria (such as task performance) rather than on arbitrary factors, such as status differentials.

Whitehead (1985) also studied burnout among probation and parole officers.Using the Maslach Inventory (Maslach and Jackson, 1981) with a sample of nearly 1,500 probation and parole officers in four states. The results were;

respondents scored higher than other human services workers on most of the burnout dimensions.

New Criminal Justice

responding to crime is no longer possible in an organizational vacuum (Klofas, Hipple and McGarrell, 2010)

Shipton et al. (2006)report that job satisfaction is related to increased innovation and creativity when taking into account job variety and a commitment to a ______ reward distribution system.

single status

Hackman and Oldham (1987) describe the job characteristics they regard as most significant for employee motivation.

skill variety. task identity. task signifigance. autonomy. feedback

Taylor attempted to divide complicated work processes that were dependent on people into _____ parts in order to increase the overall efficiency of the process.

smaller

Cherniss (1980)

suggests that burnout may arise from boredom, excessive demands, and job design problems as role conflict,role ambiguity, and lack of participation in decision making.

Assigning limited _____ duties and problem solving responsibilities to front line staff appears to increase job satisfaction

supervisory

In probation and parole, _____has been developed as an alternative to the traditional caseload model Based on the assumption that " no one person can possess all the skills to deal with the variety of human problems presented by probationers "

the Community Resource Management Team(CRMT)

problem-oriented policing

the approach calls for police to work closely with citizens in identifying and solving problems before crimes occur. Officers and citizens resolve problems such as broken windows, local bullies, and other disruptions that make neighborhoods look and feel unsafe

Task identity

the degree to which a job requires the completion of a whole task rather than bits or pieces of a project

Both Houston (1999) and Wright (1994) argue that _____ is the wave of the future in corrections.

unit management

Rather than add tasks to the job description, these programs generally increase responsibilities of front line staff, a process known as _____

vertical loading.

Motivation - hygiene theory

was developed by Herzberg from critical incident research in which he asked workers to describe the high and low points in their work lives.

Hawthorne effect

which suggested that the novelty of having research conducted and the increased attention from management could lead to temporary increases in productivity.

Taylor moved beyond the quantitative concepts in Scientific Management and focused on increasing efficiency through _____

work fragmentation

The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)

works toward the development of innovative community policing programs that are supported by the federal government

Other research has identified _____workers as the most dissatisfied and the most likely to be concerned with job design issues

young

Although more than ____percent of American workers report general satisfaction with their jobs, detailed inquiry has revealed sharply declining levels of satisfaction with specific aspects of the work environment

85

_____ appear to cause more job stress and burnout than other work related issues

Administrative issues

_____ included lack of communication from management, lack of clear guidelines, and lax or inconsistent administrative practices (Stojkovic, 1997).

Administrative sources

New Criminal Justice: .

An approach to increase the effectiveness of criminal justice organizations through the reliance on systematic data collection and the collaboration with other agencies and community groups

Tyler's belief

Close supervision by college-educated,highly trained managers and financial incentives in the form of increased wages for increased production will counteract the natural tendency toward laziness.

______, therefore, may be counter to what police need to effectively address crime and disorder in their communities.

Deprofessionalization

_____ have also been found to be negatively correlated with job satisfaction among police officers. Evidence indicates that a disproportionate number of the more educated police officers voluntarily leave their jobs before retirement

Education levels

____ was initially the most important concern in job design

Efficiency

Automobile-based patrolling and the use of non-sworn personnel for traffic control, bus monitoring, and other tasks have taken away from regular line officers the ______ duties that Harring argues provided a broad, humane role for the police.

Florence Nightingale

Job enrichment can be traced to the work of _____, beginning in the 1950s

Herzberg

_____ workers often are able to enrich their own jobs by self selecting additional task

Human service

is Carter and Wilkinss (1976:211) caseload distribution program in probation and parole.

In an example of vertical loading, In the Work Unit Parole Program begun in California in 1965 cases are assigned a weight based on the amount and type of supervision needed, and caseloads are determined by equal distribution of weighted cases.

Goldstein (1990)

In his view, police organizations require more decentralization and greater autonomy for police officers to enable them to respond to the varied needs of the community.

The authors have developed an instrument, called the ______, that allows managers to measure all the variables in the theory and to assess both jobs and workers with regard to the need as well as the potential for job enrichment.

Job Diagnostic Survey