Clinical Immunology

Ace your homework & exams now with Quizwiz!

Recognition molecules function of internal innate immune system

-recognizes specific surface molecules (pattern) on micro organisms

Purpose of eosinophil in immunity

- Antiparasitic response -Allergic reaction

Each antibody has ___ antigen binding sites

-2

Antibody structure..

-2 heavy chains -2 light chains -Disulfide bonds

Function of complement molecules in immunity

-25 proteins -Classical, alternative and pectin pathways -Complement proteins activation cascade cell/pathogen lysis

Define Antigen

-A foreign substance that induced a host's reaction.

Examples of molecules produced in response to an infection

-Acute phase proteins

Monocytes in lungs are called

-Alveolar macrophages

Humoral arm define

-Antibody-associated immunity (B-lymphocytes)

C-reactive protein function in immunity

-Assesses inflammation -Named because it reacts with C- polysaccharide of S. Pneumoniae -Activates complement -Opsonin

Innate (Natural immunity) Characteristics

-Available quickly -Not specific for one invader

Phagosome function

-Bacteria/particle inside phagocytophilum cell membrane, engulf and digest microbes

Mast cell function in immunity

-Binds IgE and releases histamine and heparin

IgG antibodies are found in..

-Blood and body tissue

B lymphocytes mature in ___

-Bone marrow

IgD antibodies are found in..

-Bound to B cells

IgE antibodies are found in...

-Bound to basophils and mast cells

Example of serum/plasma PRR

-C-Reactive Protein

List of Acute Phase Proteins

-C-reactive protein -Alpha-1 acid glycoproteins -Haptoglobin -Fibrinogen -Serum amyloid A

All WBCs express CD___

-CD45

Granulocytes express CD ___ and ___

-CD45 -C15

Monocytes express CD ___ and ___

-CD45 -CD14

Types of PRRs

-Cell Surface -Serum/Plasma

T-lymphocytes are part of the ___-arm of acquired immunity

-Cellular

The internal components of innate immune system are composed of ___ and ___ components

-Cellular -Molecular

3 pathways that can stimulate complement system

-Classical -Lectin -Alternative

Each light chain or heavy chain has a ___ region and a ___ region

-Constant -variable

Phagolysosome function

-Contains peroxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen ultimately kill microbe

Examples of molecules released in response to an infection in innate immunity

-Cytokines -Antimicrobial peptides in humans

Examples of antimicrobial peptides in humans

-Defensins -Cathelicidins

Define immunity

-Discrimination between self vs non-self and the protection from non-self

IgA antibodies are found in..

-Epithelial and mucosal surfaces -Secretory IgA secretions

Antibodies have a ____ and ___ section

-Fab -Fc

Fab = ?

-Fragment antigen binding

List of cellular components of internal innate immunity

-Granulocytes -Monocytes -Mast cells -Dendritic cels -Natural Killer cells -Lymphokine-Activated Killer cells

Monocytes in connective tissue are called

-Histiocytes

THe fluid portion of blood is called ___

-Humoral

2 arms of the acquired immune system

-Humoral arm -Cellular arm

Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) cell function in immunity

-IL-2, more efficient killing

Types of IG

-IgG -IgE -IgD -IgA -IgM

Acute phase proteins are increased or decreased by ___ and stimulated by...

-Inflammation -IL-6

-Purpose of monocytes in immunity

-present antigen to adaptive immune cells

Innate immune system processes

-Inflammation (physical heat, cold, pressure) (chemical acids, bases, other irritants) -Microbial factors -Brings response to infection site and eliminates offenders, repairs damage, and clears debris -Chemotactic factors released by microbes from coagulation and complement pathways, cytokines -Phagocytosis -Phagolysosome

Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) function

-Inflammation, immune cell proliferation, and chemotaxis.

Alpha-1 acid glycoproteins function in immunity

-Inhibition of progesterone and other drugs

Light Chain Clases

-Kappa -Lambda

Natural Killer cell function in immunity

-Kill tumor and virally infected cells, bacterial and protozoan infections via antibody directed cellular cytotoxicity

Monocytes located in the liver are called...

-Kupfer cells

Plasma is blood in a ___ state

-Liquid (Anticoagulants used)

Monocytes in tissue are called

-Macrophages

Monocytes in kidney are called..

-Mesangial cells

Monocytes in neural tissues are called

-Microglial cells

Heavy chains classes

-Mu -Delta -Gamma -Alpha -Epsilon

1st responder WBC to site of infection

-Neutrophil

Monocytes in bone are called..

-Osteoclasts

Patterns recognized by recognition molecules are called...

-Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)

PAMPs are recognized by ___

-Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Granulocytes perform ___ in the immune system

-Phagocytosis of antigens/pathogens -Present antigens to acquired immune system cells

THe external components of innate immune system are composed of ___ and ___ components

-Physical -Chemical

Molecular components of internal innate immune system

-Recognition molecules -Molecules produced in response to infection -Complement molecules

Hallmarks signs of inflammation

-Redness -Pain -Heat -Swelling -Loss of function (sometimes)

Haptoglobin function in immunity

-Removes free hemoglobin released from lysed RBC (Injury)

Examples of external components of innate immune system

-Skin -Mucous -Earwax -Tears -Saliva -Sweat -Stomach acid -Normal flora

Serum is blood in a ___ state

-Solid (Anticoagulants not present)

Acquired (Adaptive immunity) characteristics

-Specific to a particular pathogen -Large scope and very diverse -Can discriminate between self and non-self -Has a memory and can re-emerge to fight reoccurring pathogen

Antigen receptor on B cell

-Surface immunoglobulin

Antigen receptor on T cell

-T-cell receptor

Cellular arm define

-T-lymphocytes-mediated immunity

Define Immunology

-The study of a host's reaction to a forgeign substance

Define immune system

-The system controlling the immune response (reaction) in a host/individual

Method bacteria use to defend themselves from a bacteriophage

-They methylated their DNA and destroy any DNA that isn't methylated

T lymphocytes mature in ___

-Thymus

Examples of cell surface PRRs

-Toll-like Receptor (TLR)

C-Reactive Protein Fucntion

-Triggers complement binding, and phagocytosis

CD markers

-Unique identifiers found on the surface of different WBCs that are used for identification

Examples of PAMPs

-Unmethylated DNA of bacteria and viruses -Terminal mannose sugar on microbial glycolipids and glycoproteins, mannose is not terminal in humans -Lipopolysaccharides -Bacterial flagellum -Viral dsRNA and ssRNA

Endocrine define

-When a substance is released by a cell that affects cells distant from the cell

Autocrine define

-When a substance is released by a cell that affects that cell

Paracrine define

-When a substance is released by a cell that affects the cells around it/ near it

The antigen sites on antibodies are formed by..

-a heavy and light chain

The paratope is located on the...

-antibody

B and T cells both have ___ recognition molecules on their surfaces

-antigen

The epitope is located on the...

-antigen

Serum amyloid A function in immunity

-apolipoprotein, transport cholesterol to the liver, chemoattractant

IgM antibodies are found in..

-blood

When macrophages accumulate lipids in arterial walls they are called..

-foam cells

Dendritic cell function in immunity

-immature in blood, mature in tissues, phagocytosis, antigen presentation

Purpose of basophils in immunity

-inflammation -allergy -histamine

Recognition molecules recognize ___(non-specific) on antigens

-patterns

Types of immunity

1. Innate (Natural) 2. Acquired (Adaptive)

There are ___ arms of the acquired immune system

2

There are ___ types of immunity

2

Activation of the complement system occurs through __ pathways

3

There are ___ types of IG

5

Fab section of antibody contains

Antigen binding site

WBCs are differentiated from one another via appearance and ___ markers

CD

B-lymphocytes are part of the __- arm of acquired immunity

Humoral

Antibodies are so known as..

Immunoglobulins/gamma globulins

B cells and T cells come from ___ progenitor

Same

Fc = ?

fragment crystallized


Related study sets

Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases

View Set

Network+ Guide to Networks Chapter 5 - RQ

View Set