Clinical Immunology
Recognition molecules function of internal innate immune system
-recognizes specific surface molecules (pattern) on micro organisms
Purpose of eosinophil in immunity
- Antiparasitic response -Allergic reaction
Each antibody has ___ antigen binding sites
-2
Antibody structure..
-2 heavy chains -2 light chains -Disulfide bonds
Function of complement molecules in immunity
-25 proteins -Classical, alternative and pectin pathways -Complement proteins activation cascade cell/pathogen lysis
Define Antigen
-A foreign substance that induced a host's reaction.
Examples of molecules produced in response to an infection
-Acute phase proteins
Monocytes in lungs are called
-Alveolar macrophages
Humoral arm define
-Antibody-associated immunity (B-lymphocytes)
C-reactive protein function in immunity
-Assesses inflammation -Named because it reacts with C- polysaccharide of S. Pneumoniae -Activates complement -Opsonin
Innate (Natural immunity) Characteristics
-Available quickly -Not specific for one invader
Phagosome function
-Bacteria/particle inside phagocytophilum cell membrane, engulf and digest microbes
Mast cell function in immunity
-Binds IgE and releases histamine and heparin
IgG antibodies are found in..
-Blood and body tissue
B lymphocytes mature in ___
-Bone marrow
IgD antibodies are found in..
-Bound to B cells
IgE antibodies are found in...
-Bound to basophils and mast cells
Example of serum/plasma PRR
-C-Reactive Protein
List of Acute Phase Proteins
-C-reactive protein -Alpha-1 acid glycoproteins -Haptoglobin -Fibrinogen -Serum amyloid A
All WBCs express CD___
-CD45
Granulocytes express CD ___ and ___
-CD45 -C15
Monocytes express CD ___ and ___
-CD45 -CD14
Types of PRRs
-Cell Surface -Serum/Plasma
T-lymphocytes are part of the ___-arm of acquired immunity
-Cellular
The internal components of innate immune system are composed of ___ and ___ components
-Cellular -Molecular
3 pathways that can stimulate complement system
-Classical -Lectin -Alternative
Each light chain or heavy chain has a ___ region and a ___ region
-Constant -variable
Phagolysosome function
-Contains peroxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen ultimately kill microbe
Examples of molecules released in response to an infection in innate immunity
-Cytokines -Antimicrobial peptides in humans
Examples of antimicrobial peptides in humans
-Defensins -Cathelicidins
Define immunity
-Discrimination between self vs non-self and the protection from non-self
IgA antibodies are found in..
-Epithelial and mucosal surfaces -Secretory IgA secretions
Antibodies have a ____ and ___ section
-Fab -Fc
Fab = ?
-Fragment antigen binding
List of cellular components of internal innate immunity
-Granulocytes -Monocytes -Mast cells -Dendritic cels -Natural Killer cells -Lymphokine-Activated Killer cells
Monocytes in connective tissue are called
-Histiocytes
THe fluid portion of blood is called ___
-Humoral
2 arms of the acquired immune system
-Humoral arm -Cellular arm
Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) cell function in immunity
-IL-2, more efficient killing
Types of IG
-IgG -IgE -IgD -IgA -IgM
Acute phase proteins are increased or decreased by ___ and stimulated by...
-Inflammation -IL-6
-Purpose of monocytes in immunity
-present antigen to adaptive immune cells
Innate immune system processes
-Inflammation (physical heat, cold, pressure) (chemical acids, bases, other irritants) -Microbial factors -Brings response to infection site and eliminates offenders, repairs damage, and clears debris -Chemotactic factors released by microbes from coagulation and complement pathways, cytokines -Phagocytosis -Phagolysosome
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) function
-Inflammation, immune cell proliferation, and chemotaxis.
Alpha-1 acid glycoproteins function in immunity
-Inhibition of progesterone and other drugs
Light Chain Clases
-Kappa -Lambda
Natural Killer cell function in immunity
-Kill tumor and virally infected cells, bacterial and protozoan infections via antibody directed cellular cytotoxicity
Monocytes located in the liver are called...
-Kupfer cells
Plasma is blood in a ___ state
-Liquid (Anticoagulants used)
Monocytes in tissue are called
-Macrophages
Monocytes in kidney are called..
-Mesangial cells
Monocytes in neural tissues are called
-Microglial cells
Heavy chains classes
-Mu -Delta -Gamma -Alpha -Epsilon
1st responder WBC to site of infection
-Neutrophil
Monocytes in bone are called..
-Osteoclasts
Patterns recognized by recognition molecules are called...
-Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)
PAMPs are recognized by ___
-Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Granulocytes perform ___ in the immune system
-Phagocytosis of antigens/pathogens -Present antigens to acquired immune system cells
THe external components of innate immune system are composed of ___ and ___ components
-Physical -Chemical
Molecular components of internal innate immune system
-Recognition molecules -Molecules produced in response to infection -Complement molecules
Hallmarks signs of inflammation
-Redness -Pain -Heat -Swelling -Loss of function (sometimes)
Haptoglobin function in immunity
-Removes free hemoglobin released from lysed RBC (Injury)
Examples of external components of innate immune system
-Skin -Mucous -Earwax -Tears -Saliva -Sweat -Stomach acid -Normal flora
Serum is blood in a ___ state
-Solid (Anticoagulants not present)
Acquired (Adaptive immunity) characteristics
-Specific to a particular pathogen -Large scope and very diverse -Can discriminate between self and non-self -Has a memory and can re-emerge to fight reoccurring pathogen
Antigen receptor on B cell
-Surface immunoglobulin
Antigen receptor on T cell
-T-cell receptor
Cellular arm define
-T-lymphocytes-mediated immunity
Define Immunology
-The study of a host's reaction to a forgeign substance
Define immune system
-The system controlling the immune response (reaction) in a host/individual
Method bacteria use to defend themselves from a bacteriophage
-They methylated their DNA and destroy any DNA that isn't methylated
T lymphocytes mature in ___
-Thymus
Examples of cell surface PRRs
-Toll-like Receptor (TLR)
C-Reactive Protein Fucntion
-Triggers complement binding, and phagocytosis
CD markers
-Unique identifiers found on the surface of different WBCs that are used for identification
Examples of PAMPs
-Unmethylated DNA of bacteria and viruses -Terminal mannose sugar on microbial glycolipids and glycoproteins, mannose is not terminal in humans -Lipopolysaccharides -Bacterial flagellum -Viral dsRNA and ssRNA
Endocrine define
-When a substance is released by a cell that affects cells distant from the cell
Autocrine define
-When a substance is released by a cell that affects that cell
Paracrine define
-When a substance is released by a cell that affects the cells around it/ near it
The antigen sites on antibodies are formed by..
-a heavy and light chain
The paratope is located on the...
-antibody
B and T cells both have ___ recognition molecules on their surfaces
-antigen
The epitope is located on the...
-antigen
Serum amyloid A function in immunity
-apolipoprotein, transport cholesterol to the liver, chemoattractant
IgM antibodies are found in..
-blood
When macrophages accumulate lipids in arterial walls they are called..
-foam cells
Dendritic cell function in immunity
-immature in blood, mature in tissues, phagocytosis, antigen presentation
Purpose of basophils in immunity
-inflammation -allergy -histamine
Recognition molecules recognize ___(non-specific) on antigens
-patterns
Types of immunity
1. Innate (Natural) 2. Acquired (Adaptive)
There are ___ arms of the acquired immune system
2
There are ___ types of immunity
2
Activation of the complement system occurs through __ pathways
3
There are ___ types of IG
5
Fab section of antibody contains
Antigen binding site
WBCs are differentiated from one another via appearance and ___ markers
CD
B-lymphocytes are part of the __- arm of acquired immunity
Humoral
Antibodies are so known as..
Immunoglobulins/gamma globulins
B cells and T cells come from ___ progenitor
Same
Fc = ?
fragment crystallized