Cog Neuro Exam 2
With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, _____ is to _____ as dorsal is to ventral.
"where"; "what"
Which characteristics of brain activity is promising for the potential to decode dreams in the future?
Activity patterns during perception resemble those generated when people imagine the same object
Peng and colleagues manipulated the behavior of mice by activating differential regions of the gustatory cortex. Based on their findings, which of the following scenarios is MOST plausible if translated to human behavior?
Alena frequently chooses to drink coffee at her favorite dessert bar, even if she isn't eating dessert
Which of the following is NOT a type of corpuscle used for somatosensation?
Calvert
You are walking down the street and talking to a friend when suddenly, you realize that the song you have been humming was from the concert you went to together. This is an example of _____ attention
Endogenous, overt
The _____ ERP is associated most closely with the direction of attention to spatial location of a visually presented object
P1
Which of the following would show the most severe signs of extinction?
When the objects on each side of the person are identical
With regard to perception, the term feature refers to
a fundamental component of a visual pattern, such as edge, orientation, or color
Joan is a patient who had a stroke in her left parietal lobe and has extinction as a result of her injury. When placed in a driving simulator she would be most likely to miss which stimulus when stopped at a virtual crosswalk and staring straight ahead?
a pedestrian on the passenger side when a second pedestrian is on the driver side at the same time
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic tastes?
acid
When a person who has learned to read proficiently subsequently develops reading problems as a result of brain injury, this deficit is called
acquired alexia
If you have a client that has a lesion in V5 due to a stroke, what type of deficit would that person exhibit?
akinetopsia
A patient who has difficulty matching pictures of the same object taken from different vantage points may be showing which dysfunction?
apperceptive visual agnosia
When a picture of a hammer is placed in front of Patient H, she is unable to identify it, How can you determine if her difficulty is in recognizing the object or in simply remembering its name?
ask her to demonstrate its use rather than identifying it
In ERP studies of performance on the dichotic listening task, Hilliard and colleagues (1973) found that _____ signals are accompanied by negative-polarity waveform that is relatively large and peaks at approximately 180 milliseconds after stimulus presentation
attended
If you are trying to find a specific key in the drawer of your desk, and are filtering out all other non-key objects out of your visual system, you are using the process called
attention
Treisman (1969) proposed that unattended information is not completely excluded from higher analysis, but is merely ______
attenuated
Which of the following disorders may be associated with impaired facial perception?
autism spectrum disorder
High-frequency sounds primarily activate hair cells at the _____ of the cochlea, whereas low-frequency sounds primarily activate the hair cells at the _____ of the cochlea
base (thicker end); apex (thinner end)
Studies of cortical organization in blind people have shown that compared to sighted people,
blind people show increased activity in the occipital cortex when given tactile discrimination tasks but not when idly swiping their fingers over rough surfaces
You are working on trying to get both your calculus homework and cognitive neuroscience homework done by a midnight deadline. You accidentally write your calculus answer in your neuroscience homework. This is most likely due to an error in which attentional system?
both the ventral system and the dorsal system
The term associative visual agnosia is reserved for patients who
cannot recognize objects despite having normal perceptual representations
A review of outcomes compared children who had received cochlear implants at ages ranging from 6 months to 6 years. Which of the following best describes the findings of this review?
children who received the implant before 12 months of age had superior communication outcomes
In the auditory system, the basilar membrane is located within the
cochlea
Konishi's model of spatial hearing in the barn owl posits that interaural time is computed using _____, whereas interaural intensity differences are computed using _____
coincidence detectors; relative rate of firing
The highest density of _____, or color-sensitive photoreceptors, can be found in the _____ of the retina
cones; fovea
You are looking for a friend who is supposed to meet you in a crowded lecture hall. You know that she is wearing a grey sweatshirt and glasses. Which kind of visual search best describes the situation?
conjunction search
What is a major problem with Balient syndrome?
contralesional objects
Your attentional networks sometimes are focused on different things than your eyes, especially if you are trying to pay attention to more than one thing at a time. To do this, you use
covert attention
Optic ataxia is to associative visual agnosia as _____ lesions are to _____ lesions
dorsal pathway; ventral pathway
A stimulus does not have to be completely analyzed before it can be either selected for further processing or rejected as irrelevant is explained by the _____ theory
early selection
Results of the Posner spatial cueing task showed that cueing participants to the location of an upcoming target decreased their reaction time to detect it because attention enhanced perceptual processing for the target. This finding is most consistent with _____ models of attention.
early-selection
If you have a patient with significant photoreceptor loss, what is the BEST treatment available that you can offer?
epiretinal implants
Patients with _____ are unable to detect a visual stimulus presented on the contralesional side of space if this stimulus is presented at the same time as a stimulus on the ipsilesional side of the visual field
extinction
Prosopagnosia is to alexia as _____ is to _____
face recognition; reading
Which of the following BEST describes why facial perception is unique compared to object or word recognition?
facial recognition requires a sum of parts
In target visual tasks, the amount of time it takes to find a target among distracters is dependent on the number of distracters if the target can be identified by a single feature
false
In one of the earliest studies of visual attention, Helmholtz (1894) constructed a screen on which letters were painted at various distances from the center. Following a brief illumination, where could he remember the letters the best?
from the center
The primary olfactory cortex is located at the junction of the _____ and the _____ lobes
frontal; temporal
In the auditory system, the conversion of sound waves into action potentials occurs in the
hair cells
Which area of the body has the greatest amount of representation in the human primary somatosensory cortex?
hands
A patient like G.S. who had visual object agnosia would have difficulty in identifying an object unless
he was permitted to touch the object before making a response
Information about the left hand is processed
in the right hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the secondary somatosensory cortex
The "what" versus "where: distinction is supported by single-cell recording studies showing that neurons in the _____ lobes have receptive fields that are almost always located in the fovea, where high-acuity vision takes place
inferior temporal
Cells that respond to the human hand are located in the _____, and their responsive firing rate is high regardless of the hand's _____
inferior temporal cortex; orientation
The primary gustatory cortex is located in the
insula
A major source of evidence against the idea that faces are processed in a special neural region in humans is that the candidate region
is recruited when people have to make discriminations among highly familiar stimuli
Vision is the audition as the _____ is to the _____
lateral geniculate nucleus; medial geniculate nucleus
Neurons in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex rarely respond to _____. Rather, they respond to _____
lines or spots; human hands
In the function magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI) studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response can be _____ for the second presentation compared to the first. This is known as the _____
lower; repetition suppression effect
Using equipment such as EEG and fMRI, it is possible that in the future, _____ will assist the detection of psychopathy, lies, terrorism, and murder
mind reading
How many types of receptors are there in the olfactory epithelium?
more than 5
There are various issues with the idea that single neurons encode the mental representations for all possible complex visual stimuli. Which of the following is NOT one of these issues?
neurophysiological evidence that visual cells respond to specific types of stimuli is lacking
An undercover agent notices a green car parked outside her apartment building when she leaves for work at 8:00 a.m. Later she notices the same car in a store parking lot and becomes suspicious that she is being followed. The agent's ability to recognize the car under these two different circumstances is an example of
object constancy
_____ is the ability to recognize an object under many different viewing conditions and in many different contexts
object constancy
Pool (1973_ conducted a study of the "what" and "where" pathways in brain-lesions monkeys using two different tasks: an landmark discrimination task, which required a visual spatial judgement, and an object discrimination task, which required object recognition. He found that monkeys with temporal lobe lesions became severely impaired in learning the _____ task but not the _____ task. Monkeys with posterior parietal lesions showed the _____ pattern of performance
object discrimination; landmark discrimination; opposite
According to ensemble theories of object recognition, it is possible to confuse similar-looking objects because
objects that appear similar activate overlapping network of cells
Information about which of the following senses does NOT pass through the thalamus on the way to the cortex?
olfaction
The orbitofrontal cortex is considered a secondary cortical area for which of the following senses?
olfaction
The orbitofrontal cortex is an integration area for which two senses?
olfaction and gustation
A researcher wishes to investigate the visual processing of bodies in the human brain using TMS. Where should he/she stimulate?
on the border of the occipital and temporal lobes
You are sitting outside, enjoying the weather. You hear a bird sing nearby, and try to find where he is so you can identify what kind of bird he is. What attentional process are you using here?
orienting
A patient's ability to represent the spatial layout of their environment has become disturbed. The patient most likely has damage in the _____ lobe
parietal
Sobel and colleagues (Gelstein et al., 2011) asked male participants to rate pictures of women's faces in terms of sexual attraction. While rating the photos, they instructed the participants to sniff either tears from "donor women" or an odorless saline solution. Which of the following best summarizes the findings of this study?
participants rated faces as less sexually attractive when sniffing tears compared to when they were sniffing the saline solution
As a neurologist, you have a patient with prosopagnosia, and the patient has also lost the ability to read. Which of the following are you LEAST likely to report after examining this patient?
patient shows signs of a lesion in the inferior parietal lobes
Which of the following visual searches would require a conjunction search?
picking up your Honda Accord from the Honda dealership after a service appointment
In the circle illusion, a central circle appears smaller if closely surrounded by distant, larger circles than if it is surrounded by near, smaller circles. The percentage of discrepancy is directly due to the size of your
primary visual cortex
Neurons in the olfactory bulb demonstrate an extensive amount of convergence and divergence. This means that neurons in this system
project to, and receive input from a large number of other neurons
_____ is to _____ as face recognition is to object recognition
prosopagnosia; agnosia
The basic term umami is experienced when eating foods rich in
protein
Which of the following are the two categories of attention?
reflexive and voluntary
If a patient were demonstrating characteristics of unilateral neglect, which of the following would best explain the patient's symptoms?
right hemisphere structures contain a full map of visual space, whereas left hemisphere structures contain only a map of ipsilateral space
If you are choosing specific sensory inputs for further information processing but at the same time ignoring others, you are engaging in _____
selective attention
Which of the following sequences best represents the processing order of the cochlea implant?
sound waves are converted into electrical signals --> electrical signals are converted into digital representations --> digital representations are transmitted as radio waves --> radio waves are reconverted into electrical signals that travel to the cochlea
The ability to engage in visual attention at a particular location in the visual field uses the areas of the brain called
spatial attention
The primary auditory cortex is located in the
superior temporal lobe
All of the following are common across each sensory system, EXCEPT
system nerves terminate either monosynaptically or disynaptically in different parts of the thalamus
Each of the following are factors that currently restrict our ability to decode information from the brain, EXCEPT
the availability of necessary data for building decoding models
After a long day at Rowan, you empty your pockets onto your desk, and a penny starts rolling towards the edge of the desk. You want to catch it before it falls to the ground. Which brain area are you LEAST using to grab that pesky penny?
the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Visual search is fastest when the focus of attention is driven by voluntary, controlled search
the focus of attention is driven by the sensory information
Of the following choices, the strongest evidence for a link between the sense of smell and the triggering of memories is the observation that
the olfactory cortex has direct connectivity to the limbic cortex
In which of the following brain areas might you expect an expert taster such as a chef or sommelier to have unique patterns of neural connectivity?
the orbitofrontal cortex
After modeling the quick habituation found in the olfactory system, Sobel's fMRI research suggested that
the primary olfactory cortex is related to sniffing and smell, whereas the orbitofrontal cortex is related to smell but not sniffing
Why do wheels of cars in commercials sometimes appear to be rotating slowly, or backwards?
the rotation rate is slightly faster than the sample of rate of the visual system
Suppose you injected an anterograde tracer into taste-specific regions of the thalamus. Which of the following are you LEAST likely to find?
the sour cluster may be distributed over multiple pathways
Which of the following statements does NOT explain why some patients are visually agnostic for living (animate) things versus nonliving (inanimate) things?
there are more familiar animate objects in the environment than inanimate objects
Which of the following results would be expected for an individual experiencing the most common form of synesthesia?
they show interference effects when asked to identify the colors of letters if the colors are inconsistent with their synesthetic experiences
In endogenous cuing, the orienting of attention to the cue is driven primarily by the participant's goals
true
Optic ataxia is an inability to
use visual information to guide movements
You are paying attention to a math problem on the board in class, but you also see that your phone has a new message from your friend Cindy without looking at your open laptop below. How are you able to do this?
you are using covert attention
You sign up for a perceptual study where you will be fitted with a helmet that records your ERP activity when responding to various colors of shapes. For a baseline control. You simply watch red and green shapes appear and disappear while your ERP activity is recorded. Then you undergo the actual experiment: If you see a red shape, you are supposed to press a button as fast as you can. If you see a green shape, you are supposed to ignore it. What should we see if we compare your experimental ERP activity between red and green shapes?
your brain activity to red shapes stays the same, but your activity for green shapes goes down
