Cognitive Psych EXP3604, Ch. 1-4

As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade?

1950s

In which of the following body parts are neurons NOT present?

Arteries

Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons?

Axons

Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"?

Axons

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?

Broca's area

The use of the term "artificial intelligence" was coined by

John McCarthy

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments.

behavioral; physiological

A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence.

beliefs

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.

binding

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

decision making

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function

elapsed time

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the

firing rate of the action potentials

Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?

functioning and survival

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation.

Perception is NOT essential for

improving empathy

You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed

in different parts of the brain.

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem.

The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____.

perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

physical characteristics.

The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____.

physical regularity

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage.

preattentive

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

prosopagnosia.

Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?

the focused attention stage of feature integration theory

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

has high stimulus salience.

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

an inborn biological program

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

analytic introspection

Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions known as

analytic introspection

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual

organization

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Late selection

Which of the following statements is correct?

Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea.

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?

Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?

Tolman

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?

Viewpoint invariance

Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?

We interpret it.

When does bottom-up processing start?

When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

What is the process of unconscious inference?

When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?

a shopping mall

Wundt's approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as

a. sstructuralism

The key structural components of neurons are the

cell body, dendrites, and axons.

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"?

classical conditioning

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition

Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of __________ presented in your textbook.

levels of analysis

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.

The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as

resting potential

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________.

salience; fixation; increase

Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT

short-term memory

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.

sparse

Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that

the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down

With which of the following sentences would the author disagree?

we can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

what; where

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?

B. F. Skinner

"Verbal Behavior" was written by

B.F. Skinner

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

Binding

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

Close attention

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective.

divided attention; distraction