Cognitive Psych Test 3

Happy couples married for decades often claim it was "love at first sight". These claims may or may not be true, thanks to the -- bias.

Optimistic

Jacoby's experiment in which participants made judgements about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occured after a delay of

24 hours

According to Collins and Quillan's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below.

A turtle is an animal

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.

Bottom up; top down

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

Mental chronometry

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Category members that have been encountered in the past

Learning in the connectionists network is represented by adjustments to network

Connection weights

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

According to the typicality effect,

Items that are high in prototoypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

People were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

Plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

Spreading activation

Primes associated concepts

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a -- lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified

Simultaneous

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

The distance that must be traveled through the network

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj particpants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer --- and Itzaj participants would answer----.

Tree; oak

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images about two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a bumblebee

Mental-scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first grade teachers desk" experiment showed that presenting

a photograph of the participant's first grade class increased the likelihood of false memories

According to Anders Ericcson, the biggest difference between world class pianist graduating from Juliard and a Northwest graduate with a BS in education looking for a job as a music teacher is

about 8,000 hours of practice

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder...

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of the memory

If the size of your occipital lobe is decreased, the size of your visual images will

decrease

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

definitional

For Anders Ericcson, the most essential part of developing expertise is

deliberate practice

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds

exemplar

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

involves making inferences

Patients suffering from unilateral neglect perceive only the right side of their world, ignoring the left. When they are asked to close their eyes and form a mental image of something like a tree, and then describe their image, their description shows that they

neglect the left half

The misinformation effect can be explained by

retroactive interference

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

Your text describes the case of M.G.S who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre and post surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of the field of view

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

superordinate

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

Watching a silent film depicting a Native American ceremony, which dancers and drumming, people often imagine the sound of the drums. The part of the brain most active would be

the secondary auditory cortex

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that they exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the -- diet

typicality