Cognitive Psychology Exam 2 Quizzes

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

short term memory

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short-term memory

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

the hippocampus

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

the person took himself or herself

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

Despite scientific evidence, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long term memory

illusion truth effect

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because...

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.S

control

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded.

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________________

facts

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our___________

future

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last words of the list

Research shows that _______________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material

highlighting

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

identifying a photograph of his childhood's home

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

involves making inferences

According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.

organization

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 9, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants gad a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorists events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love Steve....

Which statement below is NOT true, based on results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involved learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

Distraction

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)?

Emotion

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to illusion?

Highlighting

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

_______________ memories are those that we are not aware of

Implicit

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, ____ similarity between the "fillers" and the suspect does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people.

Increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class.

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam.

Kim performs better because of consolidation

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stoke's working memory concept?

Machines would shut down for material resupply

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview techniques?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner.

Rehearsal in short-term memory

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for _______ memories

Remote

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect

Repetition

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

Survival

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

The propaganda effect

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Thuy has just bought a car and is trying to learn ...

In which of the following examples of different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?

Workers and managers

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect...

a failure of memory consolidation

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

accurate

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

Neurophysiological evidence indicates that short- and long- term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as...

articulatory suppression

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.

both the first and last words

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during...

delay

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for.....

elaborative rehearsal

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the _____ aspects of memory

emotional

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

encoding specificity

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?

engagement

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _______ memory.

episodic

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

episodic memory

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI...

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests...

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

The primary effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ________ memory

long-term

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days: reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...

persistence of vision

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate........

phonological

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory

prefrontal cortex

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory.

procedural

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of _______ it.

reliving

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that...

short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory

Procedural memories are also known as _____ memoires

skill

One function of _______ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because...

the stimulus category remained the same

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

the visuospatial sketch pad

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of_______

two

___________ memories are to experiences as __________________ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which brain region will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?

Prefrontal cortex

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved...

creations from interferences based on baseball knowledge

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because...

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the...

constructive nature of memory

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval if __________ memories.

Recent and remote episodic

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory components of the modal model with working memory

______________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory

Retrieval

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970's"

Semantic

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

Sensory, short-term, long-term

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...

a sequence of actions

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves

a smaller response set

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing ....

auditory from female speaker

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being___________

autobiographical

Explicit memory is to_____________________ as implicit memory is to __________________

aware; unaware

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the...

cognitive hypothesis

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ______ effect

propaganda

The primary effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in long-term memory

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

schemas

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ________ memory.

semantic

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?

sensory

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

source misattribution

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names illustrated the effect of _________ on memory

source misattributions

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called

working memory