cognitive psychology exam 3

______ is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.

anaphoric

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic.

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights.

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.

deductive

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed.

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases. And, phrases can be combined to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the _______ property of language.

hierarchical

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

inductive

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring.

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

search

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.

sensory attributes; function

According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

situation models

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing.

syntax-first

In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

target; source

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s).

three

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

valid

People tend to overestimate

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved.

when semantics