Cognitive Psychology Final

Viewpoint _____ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

Invariance

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer

The term "artificial intelligence" was coined by:

John McCarthy

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry test. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam

Kim performs better because of reactivation

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Late selection

The first formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city?

Leipzig, Germany.

____________________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of:

Pragnanz

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

According to Treisman's "attenuation model", which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?

Though is always accompanied by imagery.

Which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiment discussed in your text?

Three-letter nonsense words

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Donder's reaction time experiment was performed using stimuli in which of the following sensory modalities?

Vision

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented:

after the event.

Imagery neurons respond to:

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate:

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

an extraneous cough

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this he concluded that language development is driven largely by:

an inborn biological program.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

an organizational context during learning

The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions known as:

analytic introspection.

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n):

anaphoric inference

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably:

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories:

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

A task with the instructions, "Read the following words while repeating "the, the, the" out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying:

articulatory suppression

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as:

articulatory suppression.

The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as:

artificial intelligence.

Explicit memory is to _____________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

parallel distributed processing theory

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the ____________ lobe.

parietal

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your ____________ lobe.

parietal

In Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the:

participants were counting the number of ball passes

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that:

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of:

perceptual organization

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that:

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that:

there are limits to the human ability to process information.

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to condlude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took:

to make a decision about the stimulus

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _________ processing.

top-down

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called:

transfer-appropriate processing

The Stroop effect occurs when participants:

try to name colors and ignore words.

An advantage of the exemplar approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used ____________ in answering the question.

visual imagery

The "cognitive revolution"

was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.

In a procedure called diffusor tensor imaging (DTI), the way in which __________ diffuses(s) along the length of a nerve fiber is measured to determine how different nerves communicate with each other.

water

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that:

we are not conscious we are using it.

The likelihood principle states that:

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine:

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that:

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

The temporal lobe is:

where signals are received from the auditory system

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

word frequency effect

In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in your text, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them in this way. This is due to:

your prior knowledge

Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?

Donald Broadbent

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with _____________ memory.

Episodic

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Ramon is looking at pictures of people in a magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, not their face. What part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Explain the purpose of feature detectors in creating mental representation of objects:

Feature detectors respond to certain characteristics of objects, such as the direction its moving or the length of the object. The combination of inputs from multiple feature detectors tells the brain a number of characteristics about an object, which in turn are put together in to a mental representation.

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible-refers to which Gestalt law?

Good figure

If Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics.

Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by:

Helmholtz

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the:

firing rate of the action potentials

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they:

Plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of __________ increases the frequency of behavior.

Positive reinforcers.

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?

The result of the "dear aunt jane" experiment

Which theorist is responsible for proposing the idea of a filter model of attention?

Donald Broadbent

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s):

"smashed"

What year is usually cited as the "birthday" of cognitive science (pick the closest year)?

1956

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 First Dates

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify:

50% of the words spoken by their own voices

To demonstrate the complexity of human perception, a challenge took place in California where entrants had to design a motorized vehicle that could drive through a 55-mile course without human assistance. The winning vehicle was only able to stay on the course and avoid various obstacles while traveling at _______ mph.

7

The "magic number", according to Miller, is:

7 plus or minus 2

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

A build-up and release of proactive interference

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal

A study participant is given a list of word to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

APPLE

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?

Angled orientation

Action potentials occur in the :

Axon

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

Because he always jogs a mile

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both _________ and __________ experiments.

Behavioral; physiological

_________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.

Binding

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with:

Boat__________-car__________

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of ________ processing.

Bottom-up

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

_________ notion that the mind could be represented as operating in a sequence of stages, often represented by boxes, allows cognitive psychologists to develop models that can be tested by further experiments.

Broadbent's

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his:

Broca's area

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Cake Mug

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that:

Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of:

Computers

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with _________________ memory.

Long-term

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

The observation that older adults often become nostalogic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that:

Memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

Recordings from single neurons are conducted using which of these pieces of equipment?

Microelectrode

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli Specific areas of the brain serve different functions Brain areas are specialized for specific functions

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in an award. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

Object discrimination problem

Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?

One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice B seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of:

Paired-associate learning

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teachers her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucilla has acquired are an example of _______________ memory.

Procedural

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?

SKY

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of _______ attention.

Selective

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of _____________ memory.

Semantic

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s".

Semantic

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest of the mind within the study of psychology?

Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

Douglas is working on a project for his cognitive psychology class. He builds a plastic model of the human brain, paints each major structure a different color, and constructs a "map" that shows which functions are controlled by which areas. Douglas's project is working from a __________ model of cognitive psychology.

Structural

Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?

Structural models and process models

Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?

Temporal

Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?

The dictionary unit

Explain how action potentials change in response to stimulus intensity. Use an example from one's visual system to illustrate this process.

When a stimulus increases in intensity, the action potential increases in firing rate. The action potentials do not change shape or size. In vision, if a bright, intense light is presented, action potentials fire more frequently than if a lower intensity light is presented.

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside:

a bumblebee

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that:

a carrot would be named before eggplant

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using:

a depictive representation

Mental scanning experiments found:

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember:

a list of long words than a list of short words

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT:

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents:

a mental set

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be:

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

Which of the following analogies would provide the best description for how research progresses in cognitive psychology?

a trail from which one thing leads to another.

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

a turtle is an animal

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ____________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

According to Rosch, the _________ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues shoudl be created:

by the person whose memory will be tested

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder:

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on:

category members that have been encountered in the past

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of:

cognition

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

cognitive economy

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the:

cognitive hypothesis

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as:

cognitive neuroscience

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of:

cognitive psychology

Two different definitions of ______________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual", and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas".

concepts

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

One of the key properties of the ________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

__________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption

consolidation

According to the ___________ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a _____________ process.

constructive

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of:

constructive memory processes

Intermediate states can be created by:

creating subgoals

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of _________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

Results of precuing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ____________ location.

cued

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degredation, which refers to the property that:

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.

decay; interference

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n)_______response to faces and an __________response to Greebles.

decreased; increased

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds:

decreases recency effect

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during:

delay.

Brain imaging has made it possible to:

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

Dichotic listening occurs when:

different messages are presented to the left and right ears

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as:

distributed processing

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _______ approach developed by Ronald Finke.

divergent thinking

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as:

divided attention

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and:

dreams

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as:

echoic memory

Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of:

elaborative rehearsal

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is:

encoded

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of:

encoding specificity

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n):

epiphenomenon.

_____________ memories are to experiences as ______________ memories are to facts.

episodic; semantic

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

exemplar

_________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

exemplars

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem.

fragile-glass; structural

Experts categorize problems based on:

general principles that problems share

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letter of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the:

generation effect

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

guitar

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers

higher; both lower and higher

Students, beware! Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

Noam Chomsky proposed that:

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen showed that:

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because:

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

imagine the meaning of the word "ethics".

Working with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

The neuron doctrine is:

in disagreement with nerve net theory.

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research.

in vivo problem-solving

Most of the coherence in text is created by:

inference

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the:

initial state

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests:

intact semantic memory, but defective episodic memory

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state.

intermediate

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the;

inverse projection problem

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery:

is based on spatial or language mechanisms

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following?

it interferes with semantic coding

According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that:

it involves mental time travel

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

Scene Schema is:

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

Your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ________.

latent inhibition

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's:

lexicon

If you are folding towels that have just come out of laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n) ____________ task.

low-load

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they:

made the objects themselves

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the:

match box can be used as a shelf.

The property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they:

may differ from one task to another.

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selections models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for:

meaning

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using:

mental chronometry.

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize all the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved:

mental scanning

Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories.

method of loci

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the:

narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows:

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as:

neural circuits

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called __________.

neural networks

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

neuropsychology

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying.

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the:

novel objects before a function was described

According to the behaviorists, only the study of ____________ should be the emphasis of the science of psychology.

observable behavior

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames", divided attention was easier:

once processing had become automatic.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if:

one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

A grandmother cell responds:

only to a specific stimulus

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their:

order.

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention.

overt

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even through physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of:

persistence of vision

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on:

physical characteristics

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex:

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has __________ memory.

poor short-term

Reaction time refers to the time between the ___________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

presentation

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children:

produce sentences they have never heard.

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to:

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories

An important contribution to the field of psychology resulting from Wilhelm Wundt founding his laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879 was:

producing PhDs who later established psychology departments at other schools, including some in the U.S.

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with:

prosopagnosia

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green". The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _________ approach to categorization.

prototype

The intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _________ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing

The primacy effect is attributed to:

recall of information stored in LTM.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through:

reinforcement

Suppose you have been studying your French words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing:

release from proactive interference

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in:

remembering graduating from college.

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of:

remote, episodic memories

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is:

repeated recall

In the movie "Groundhog Day", Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of:

repetition priming

The radiation problem can be solved using:

representation and restructuring

Coherence refers to the:

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

The layer of neurons that lines the back of the eyes is called the:

retina

_____________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

retireval

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that while remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Lamar's experience demonstrates

retroactive interference

The misinformation effect can be explained by

retroactive interference

________ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.

retroactive interference

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called:

same-object advantage

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the world-length effect because:

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND:

saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen:

schema

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remebered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _________ on memory.

schemas

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and pineapples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store ________.

script

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving:

search

Information remains in the sensory memory for:

seconds or fractions of a second

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from:

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The predominant type of coding in LTM is:

semantic

The _________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____________ and one that distinguishes ______________.

sensory attributes; function

When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language with which you are unfamiliar, the words may all seem to sound the same. You may find yourself wondering how those speakers are communicating when they are using the same words over and over again. The Gestalt law that is affecting you here is the law of:

similarity

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms are another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of:

similarity

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) _____________ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

simultaneous

According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

situation models

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger and McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word _________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.

sleep

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the ____________ of the stimulus.

sound

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____________ representation.

spatial

When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning english, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic". This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of _________ in English.

speech segmentation

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of:

speech segmentation

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____________ into their network model.

spreading activation

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is:

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems.

structural; enhance

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results:

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as:

syntactic priming

____________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

systems

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery.

tacit-knowledge

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that:

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. .

target; source

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the:

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if:

the box is empty

Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when:

the faces are viewed from an angle

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

the frontal and temporal lobes

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

the group with 10 years of English instruction

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____________ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.

the hippocampus

The "textured wall" example from your text illustrates:

the light-from-above heuristic.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that:

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The pariticipant's task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed:

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on:

the self-reference effect

A phoneme refers to:

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if:

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.