COM 110 A01 Midterm/Final Review

What to consider when selecting and incorporating support material for your speech

*Ethical and legal responsibilities* Consider... 1. Are the stats representative? 2. Are the items being compared in analogies similar? 3. Are the facts verifiable? 4. Are the examples relevant, typical, and vivid? 5. Is the source identified and credible? 6. Is the source biased? 7. Is the information timely? 8. Is the information from reliable online sources? 9. Do the materials answer the posed research questions and address the needs of the audience? Other recommendations: keep sources within 5 years, avoid .com websites

Importance of introductions and conclusions

- Able to draw the audience in - First and last impressions that are made with the audience will ultimately determine whether or not the goals for the presentation were accomplished or not - Effective introductions and conclusions will help make connections with the audience so they learn or are influenced by the message

Warrants

- Aka link/why - Shows how your evidence supports your claim

Evidence credibility statements

- Aka oral citations - Brief statements that establish the quality of the information you are using to support your ideas

Rebuttals

- Aka other side - States the counterarguments and attacks them directly

Importance of organizing ideas clearly

- Audience needs to know where you're going with your speech - Helps you practice/increases confidence - Makes sure there are transitions - Improve note-taking abilities

Being a responsive and responsible member

- Be committed to the group's goal and task - Respect and listen to all group members - Attend all meetings on time - Complete individual assignments on time - Be mindful of other member's relational needs

Claims of policy

- Concerned what should be done, what law should be changed, or what policy should be followed - Use of agent of action: entity that is responsible for taking action such as a company, government group, person, etc. Example: ISU (agent of action) should build more dorms.

Claims of value

- Concerned what you might consider to be right or wrong, moral or immoral, just or unjust, good or bad - Goes beyond a debate about facts (ex. Min wage should increase) - Personal connection to create opinion - Criterion - Most common

Claims of fact

- Concerned with what is/is not true, what does or does not exist, what did or did not happen - Past/Fact: Whether something did or did not happen in the past - Present/Fact: Whether something is true or not currently - Projection: Whether something will be true or not in the future - Fact is in the 1st sentence of the thesis statement - Not as common, more complicated

Strategies for planning the presentation

- Divide the topic into areas of responsibility - Draft individual outlines according to these responsibilities - Combine individual outlines to create a group outline - Discuss the details of delivering the presentation - Practice the presentation as a group

Group norms

- Expectations of behavior for how each group member participates within the group - Implicit when they are not directly stated but indirectly observed and explicit when they are communicated and agreed on with the group - Can change once the group starts interacting

Effective delivery

- Gives life to words - Communicate with the audience rather than at the audience - Demonstrates enthusiasm/confidence in the topic and content chosen - Would not detract from the message - Should sound natural, conversational, confident, and enthusiastic about sharing information or influencing the audience in some way

Task roles

- Help the group to accomplish goals Examples: treasurer, recorder, moderator, initiator, information seeker, organizer, clarifier, elaborator, evaluator, etc.

Importance of outlining

- Helps to organize ideas clearly - Helps refine ideas, identify where additional support is needed, and determine whether the body of the speech is balanced - Helps to strategically integrate transitions and clearly link the intro and conclusion - Useful as memory/delivery aids and reduce speaking anxiety - Help earn better grades and benefit any career path

Formal methods of gathering information about an audience

- Interviewing - Questionnaire/surveys

Informal methods of gathering information about an audience

- Introductory speech - Class discussions - Spending time with classmates both before and after class

Strategies for accomplishing tasks

- Know the specific purpose for the meeting - Have an agenda for what needs to be accomplished during the meeting - Follow the agenda - Allow each member to report on their individual progress - Assign each member a new task before the next meeting - Report on the accomplishments of the current meeting

Citizen of democracy

- Make informed decisions - Requires that all citizens be informed - Respecting an audience - Using critical thinking skills - Understanding various viewpoints - Freedom of expression

Importance of Audience Analysis

- Make sure you don't misinform your audience, know who you are speaking for - Engage in competent communication - Predict the audience's reactions - Make the speaker more credible - Engage in ethical communication and maintain sound goals - Make the speaker more comfortable and confident

Disadvantages of working in a group

- Not all group member take responsibility seriously, some group members have to work harder to make up for it - Members must take time to report and communicate with each other about the progress and plan their presentations - Scheduling meetings can create problems - Can be difficult to reach decisions and conflict can occur - Groupthink

Importance of delivery

- Once in front of the room, the speaker is already communicating with the audience - Behaviors indicate whether speaker is prepared to present - Audience will not know of speaker's efforts unless they are communicated with them through the speaker's delivery - Leaves first impressions before even beginning speech - Enhance speaker's credibility

Ethnocentric

- Placing a value judgement on other cultures based on what we know about our own (not a good thing) - Example: teachers acting based on the expectations put on them

Relationship roles

- Provide for the social needs of the group and serve to foster teamwork and collaboration Examples: gatekeeper (keeps out distractions), harmonizer (stay civil), tension reliever (comic relief), supporter, etc.

Analogical reasoning

- Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second - Reasoning that clarifies complex situations by comparing them with situations more familiar to the audience

Advantages of working in a group

- Sharing workload - Pooling of resources - Bouncing ideas off one another - Enjoying and gaining motivation from working with other people - Group synergy

Characteristics of a group

- Size (typically gathering of 3-10 people, 5-7 is best size) - Common purpose (why you got together) - Group synergy - Groupthink - Interdependent (one's actions will influence others) - Must interact with each other

Role of a leader in a group

- To direct and influence others - Able to identify the unique qualities of all members and assign various tasks to them - Effective direction: the ability to organize and guide the group's activities - Gain the respect of other group members and take on as many task and relationship roles as possible

Goals of persuasive public speaking

- To influence audience's attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors - If the audience is neutral about your position - to shape their response in a way that is consistent with your advocacy - If the audience agrees with your advocacy - reinforce their position - If the audience opposes your advocacy - change their position

Using communication for the common good

- Using ethical communication to be truthful, accurate, honest, and reasonable to others - Sometimes all you got to do is ask

Relationship between critical listening and critical thinking

- We cannot listen critically without the ability to think critically - We listen critically when consuming messages and we think critically while both consuming and producing them

Disruptive roles

- When an individual puts their needs above the group's needs Examples: blocker, avoider, credit seeker, distractor, dominator (take over the group), etc.

5 steps in dealing with conflict

1. *Avoid* feelings or perceptions that imply the other person is wrong or needs to change. 2. *Communicate* a desire to work together to explore a problem or seek a solution. 3. *Try* to identify or empathize with another team member's problems, share their feelings, or accept their reactions. 4. *Treat* other team members with respect and trust. 5. *Investigate* issues rather than taking sides on them.

Process of listening (a little different from HURIER Model)

1. *Receiving* (different from HURIER Model) 2. Understanding 3. Remembering 4. Interpreting 5. Evaluating 6. Responding

Aspects of verbal delivery

1. Articulation 2. Pronunciation 3. Volume 4. Rate 5. Pause 6. Pitch 7. Vocal variety (verbally varying volume, rate, pause, and pitch)

Information to be included in an oral citation

1. Author 2. Date of publication 3. Source information (title of journal, magazine, article, etc.) 4. Credibility if possible *For orally citing a website, include the title, who maintains the website, and date that website was last updated and/or when you accessed the website*

Types of supporting material

1. Books 2. Journals 3. Magazines 4. Newspapers/news sources 5. Government documents 6. Reference sources 7. Statistics 8. Interviews (cannot interview family, good friends, old teachers, etc. because there is bias with that, can give recommendations of other people to interview instead)

4 goals of an introduction

1. Capture the audience's attention --> attention getter 2. Establish the relevance of your topic to your audience --> relevance statement 3. Establish the speaker credibility --> credibility statement 4. Preview the body of the presentation --> thesis and preview statement

Toulmin Model

1. Claims 2. Evidence 3. Evidence credibility statements 4. Warrants 5. Qualifiers 6. Rebuttals

4 considerations for effective word choice

1. Clarity 2. Accuracy 3. Vividness 4. Appropriateness

Design considerations for presentation aids

1. Contrast 2. Repetition 3. Alignment 4. Proximity

Aspects of nonverbal delivery

1. Eye contact 2. Face 3. Body 4. Movement

HURIER model

1. Hearing 2. Understanding 3. Remembering 4. Interpreting 5. Evaluating 6. Responding

Causes of Communication Apprehension

1. Heredity 2. Learned apprehension 3. Skills deficit

7 guidelines of a preparation outline

1. Identify purpose, thesis, organizational pattern, and title 2. Label the intro, body, and conclusion as separate elements 3. Use a consistent pattern of symbols 4. Include transitions 5. Integrate supporting material 6. Provide a list of references 7. Use complete sentences

4 methods of delivery

1. Impromptu 2. Manuscript 3. Memorized 4. Extemporaneous (what we do, some written out, some memorized)

3 differences between oral and written style

1. Oral style uses shorter sentences 2. Oral style is less formal 3. Oral style is more repetitive Written: - More formal - Uses more figurative language - Expanded vocabulary

Various ways to display a presentation aid

1. Paper - use of handouts, large prints, posters, flip-charts, etc. 2. Screen - use of projectors, monitors, and document cameras, etc.

6 elements of the communication process

1. People 2. Messages 3. Channel 4. Interference 5. Feedback 6. Context

3 benefits of studying communication

1. Personal - a way to create more meaningful relationships, develop confidence 2. Professional - a way to create a positive first impression at job interviews, advance future career 3. Social - a way to know how to influence people, interpret information, become an effective participant in democracy, more persuasive than personal

Factors that affect perception

1. Physical considerations 2. Experiential considerations (past experiences) 3. Situational considerations (current situation)

3 factors that influence the choice of an organizational pattern

1. Pick a method that's consistent with the purpose that's going to be conveyed 2. Topic and audience should influence the choice of a particular organizational pattern 3. Consider whether or not that the ideas being advanced are clear, compelling, and well-substantiated as well as how the main points and supporting material support the thesis

Guidelines for integrating your presentation aid into your speech

1. Practice with presentation aid 2. Be able to point confidently to the aid and explain necessary concepts 3. Once used, remove aid and don't display the next aid until it is needed 4. Inspect the room for lighting and the general setup before presenting 5. Be prepared to do the presentation without the visual aid

2 goals for a conclusion

1. Providing a summary --> rephrasing thesis and going over key info, signpost/transition 2. Providing a memorable close --> last thing the audience needs to know, what they will remember, can reference the attention getter at this time 3. Call to action (persuasive speech only) --> tells the audience what they can do, goes between summary and memorable close

Six behaviors that can improve listening

1. Remove, if possible, the physical barriers of listening 2. Focus on speaker's main idea 3. Listen for the intent, as well as the content, of the messages 4. Give the other person a full hearing 5. Remember the saying that meanings are in people, not in words 6. Concentrate on the other person as a communicator and as a human being

Process of Perception

1. Select (selective, subjective) 2. Organize 3. Interpret

3 main components in developing a successful research strategy

1. Select a topic 2. Prepare to find supporting materials 3. Find and incorporate sources

Relationship between perception and public speaking

1. Select a topic that interests you, appropriate for the audience, and possibly unique 2. Organize your topic; perception might have a part in what evidence/reasoning being used 3. Interpret the information you find to make the most worthwhile presentation possible

Types of Communication Apprehension

1. Situational (Feeling anxious temporarily due to a particular event at a particular time) 2. Audience (Feeling anxious to interact with a specific person(s)) 3. Context (Feeling anxious in certain settings, such as one-on-one, groups, meetings, or public speaking)

6 factors when analyzing the speaking situation

1. Size 2. Setting 3. Type 4. Interests 5. Knowledge 6. Attitudes

Why listening is important

1. We spend most of our time listening 2. Listening is an important survival skill

2 sides of visual literacy

1. What happens when we consume information 2. What happens when we produce information

Guidelines for writing a specific-purpose statement

1. Write the specific purpose to include the general purpose, the focus of the topic, and the audience 2. Don't be too broad or general 3. Write with as few words as possible 4. Write as a statement, not a question 5. Write as one distinct idea 6. Make sure the specific purpose meets the requirement of the assignment 7. Should be relevant and comprehensible

Types of presentation aids

1. Written language 2. Data graphics 3. Diagrams 4. Illustrations/paintings 5. Photographs 6. Films/videos/animations 7. Objects *cite your visual aid!*

What to consider when selecting a topic

1. Yourself (choosing a topic you're passionate about) 2. Your audience (choosing a topic your audience is interested in) 3. Your occasion (time for preparation, social climate, requirements, etc.)

6 steps to reflective thinking

1. identifying the problem 2. analyzing the topic 3. guidelines for evaluating solutions 4. generating solutions 5. selecting the best solution 6. evaluating the solution

Thesis statement

A clear and concise sentence that provides an overview of the entire presentation, most important part of a speech! 5 Components: 1. General purpose 2. Specific purpose 3. Topic and direction 4. Main points 5. Organizational pattern

Preparation outline

A detailed outline that includes the title, general and specific purpose, organizational pattern, intro, main points and sub-points, transitions, and references used in the speech *Use a consistent pattern of labeling and symbols as well as complete sentences*

Spacial order

A method of speech organization in which the main points are arranged according to place or position, especially useful if the topic is geographic or involves the discussion of multiple physical spaces

Topical order

A method of speech organization in which the main points are organized by breaking down the overall topic into small subpoints, could have categories

Chronological order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time sequence, appropriate for informing the audience about a series of events as they occurred (lesson plans follow this)

Casual order

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship, based on relationships, mostly used for persuasive, characters in a book, TV show, or movie

Triangle of meaning

A model that explains the relationship which exists among words, things, and thoughts Symbol (word), referent (object), thought (concept)

Nervousness

A natural phenomenon that occurs in almost all public speakers that adds an extra bit of adrenaline before presenting. Can benefit the speaker by making their senses more aware so they can have a successful presentation

APA Style

A particular method for organizing research into an outline and reference page. Popular in the social sciences and stands for the American Psychological Association

Internal summary

A review of what has just been discussed before moving on to the next point

Ethics

A set of standards that help us decide the choices we make and why we choose to behave as we do; make choices on what we aught to do instead of what we want to do

Persuasive speech

A speech that is controversial in some way and attempts to influence the audience's attitudes, beliefs, or actions with regard to the issue; typically about current events, social issues, local issues, or beliefs; the speaker serves as the advocate

Informative speech

A speech that presents information that contributes something significant to the knowledge of the audience; typically, the speaker is teaching them about some object, person, event, process, or concept that they would not know otherwise; the speaker serves as the teacher

Criterion

A standard by which the value judgment is to be made

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A tendency to live up to our own expectations and those that others have of us

Internal preview

A very brief statement of what the speaker will discuss next

Johari Window

A visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others

Systematic desensitization

A way to cope with the physical symptoms of communication apprehension; this could include listening to music, muscle relaxation, and introducing yourself to the fear overtime, reward system

Cognitive restructuring

A way to cope with the psychological symptoms of communication apprehension; this includes replacing irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, brainstorming as many worst-case scenarios as you can, and then thinking about how they can be unreasonable or how to prevent them.

Critical thinking

Ability to make reasonable decisions about what to believe or do based on careful evaluation of available evidence and arguments

Qualifiers

Admit exceptions and demonstrate that argumentation is not an exact science

Status quo

All of the laws, regulations, and attitudes that currently exist

Considering Multiple Perspectives

Allows us to understand the things we have in common so that we can appreciate the things we don't: - Groupthink - Frames of reference - Culture - Ethnocentric - Cultural relativism

Captive audience

An audience that has been forced to be in attendance

Human perspective

An ethical standard that guides our responsibility to ourselves and to others to be open, gentle, compassionate, and critically reflective in our choices

Political perspective

An ethical standard that helps us understand ethical practices based on a value system (background, culture, etc.)

Dialogical perspective

An ethical standard used to promote the development of self, personality, and knowledge

Situational perspective

An ethical standard using context of the communication event to guide a decision; audience analysis comes in place here

Visualization

Another way to cope with the psychological symptoms of communication comprehension; this includes picturing the presentation being successful.

Physical distractions

Any distractions that come from our environment and keep us from focusing on the speaker and the messages, external source of interference

Pathos

Appeal to emotion

Claims

Assertion or point that a speaker advocates

False dilemma

Asserts that a complicated question has only two answers when more actually exist, complicated questions only have two answers

Ethos

Audience's perception of speaker's credibility Factors of Speaker Credibility: - Competence - Character - Goodwill

Visual literacy

Being able to understand what you see with what you know

Speaking outline

Brief outline that helps you remember key points as you are speaking *Not used in this class, mostly memorized and takes lots of practice*

Articulation

Clear formation of words

Derived credibility

Credibility developed through the speech

Initial credibility

Credibility right away

Terminal credibility

Credibility shown at the end of the speech

CTSA

Critical Thinking Self Assessment: Looks at knowledge (basic level), comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation (highest level)

Denotative

Dictionary definition

Connotative

Emotional responses to words, have become offensive, "cultural" definition

Political/Civic engagement

Engage in community around you

Blake Mouton Conflict Grid

Explains that middle ground needs to be found

Monroe's Motivational Sequence

Five step approach to arranging main points: 1. Attention (capture attention of audience) 2. Need (demonstrate severity of problem and how it must be addressed) 3. Satisfaction (offer a plan for solving the problem) 4. Visualization (help the listener visually see the advantages of adopting your plan and disadvantages of not) 5. Action (tell listeners what they should do and how)

Audience demographics

General characteristics about each person, such as age, sex, gender, sexual orientation, cultural background, income, occupation, education, religion, group membership, political affiliation, location, and place of residence. Knowing this general information about your audience will help you choose and develop topics with your audience in mind.

Voluntary audience

Group of individuals attending a presentation with a particular interest in doing so

Pronunciation

How a word is said and stressed

Frame of reference

How/what you already know, background of a person

Self concept

Idea composed of your self-image (how you describe yourself and how you think others would describe you) and self-esteem (assigning value to the descriptions of yourself)

Values

Importance of an idea (not going to change)

Red herring

Introduces irrelevant information into an argument in an attempt to mask the real issue under discussion, introduce a distraction

How does language create a social reality?

It sets up the environment in which we live in and shows what and whom we value

Cultural relativism

Judge another culture by a higher standard (a good thing)

intentional plagiarism

Knowingly stealing someone else's ideas or words and passing them off as your own

Characteristics of principals of language

Language is symbolic (words stand to symbolize things) and language is arbitrary (meaning comes from the people who use them)

Skills training

Learning about the skills necessary to be successful in planning, practicing, and presenting a public speech; this could reduce the internal and external effects of communication apprehension.

Logos

Logical appeal; relies on evidence and reasoning; use of rational proof (inductive, deductive, casual, analogical)

Critical thinker

One who can defer judgment until he/she has enough information on which to act

Problem-cause solution pattern

Organizational pattern in which specific causes associate with a problem

Comparative advantage pattern

Organizational pattern that describes the advantages of one point/solution over another

Problem-solution pattern

Organizational pattern where the first main point is devoted to establishing the problem; second main point will introduce your specific plan and explain how it solves the problem

Status quo bias

People are generally predisposed to favor what they currently believe as well as what currently exists

Roles

Positions within the group that each member may take which can be formal or informal; each member can take on more than one role

Thesis statement vs. preview statement

Preview states 3 main points, thesis statement does not, thesis is usually shorter

Persuasive public speaking

Public speaking in order to shape, reinforce, or change the response of another or others; the speaker is an advocate for a position, policy, or way of viewing the world

Premise of the National Communication Association Credo for Ethical Communication

Put in place in order to create a greater understanding between ethics and ethical communication. It was founded on the basis of the First Amendment, respect for others, access to information, democratic decision making, and responsibility for our own behavior. Includes personal credo, family credo, and classroom

Inductive reasoning

Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

Casual reasoning

Reasoning that relates two or more events in such a way as to conclude that one or more of the events caused the others

Attitude

Relatively enduring set of beliefs around a person

Appeal to authority

Rests on the assumption that because an authority figure says something, it must be true Example: Use of celebs to promote a product

Advanced information seeking skill set

Someone who develops an effective research strategy using the concept of information literacy

Interdependence

Something that one member of a group does affects the rest of the group; could be a good or bad thing

Specific purpose

Statement indicating the direction or focus the speaker will take with his/her topic

General purpose

Statements that describe the overall intent of the message; typically, to inform, persuade, entertain, or commemorate

External effects of communication apprehension

Stems from behavioral issues such as avoidance or disfluency, could include avoidance and vocal disfluencies (ex. filler words)

Internal effects of communication apprehension

Stems from psychological issues that may have physical effects, typically audience isn't aware of this

Evidence

Supporting material to substantiate a speaker's claim

Ethical communication

The actual application of ethical standards to everyday life; results when we apply ethical standards to messages we produce and consume

Communication apprehension

The fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others Apprehension - a learned issue, from experience Anxiety - develops from apprehension, might not do event again. more severe/diagnosed

Burden of proof

The obligation a persuasive speaker faces to provide sufficient reasons for changes what already exists

Transactional Model of Communication

This model utilizes simultaneous sending and receiving of information between both people involved. There is not one speaker nor listener. Context is also taken into account as well as all six elements of communication.

Actional Model of Communication

This model views communication as a linear process which has a beginning and end. The speaker sends out a message that the listener receives. Speaker-->Listener

Interactional Model of Communication

This model views feedback as apart of the communication process. The speaker and listener take turns sending and receiving messages; adds one more layer.

Appreciative listening

Type of listening for personal enjoyment (ex. listening to music)

Critical listening

Type of listening to make judgments about the messages we receive, coming to a conclusion after listening

Empathetic listening

Type of listening to support or help another person, to understand and feel for the other person

Comprehensive listening

Type of listening when we are attempting to understand a message for a particular reason: to gain knowledge or complete a task

Discriminative listening

Type of listening when we distinguish between verbal and nonverbal messages

Information literacy

Understanding information around you

Partial plagiarism

Using key words and phrases from different sources and changing them slightly to pass them off as your own, "copy and paste"

Primacy and recency effect

We remember the beginnings and the ends the best

Beliefs

What you hold true (could change)

Slippery slope

When a speaker asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another down a steep slope toward disaster, one event follows the other

Ad hominem

When a speaker attacks the character of a person making an argument rather than the argument itself, against the person

Fallacy

When an argument is based on unsound reasoning or evidence

Groupthink

When members of a group are more concerned with getting the task done as opposed to getting it done effectively; not a good thing!

Mental distractions

When our mind gets in the way of our ability to concentrate and listen, internal source of interference, in your head

Bandwagon

When something is correct, good, or true because many other people agree with it or are doing it, many people agree or disagree

Group synergy

When the whole group is more effective than any individual within it; a good thing!

Factual distractions

When we concentrate so hard on a speaker's message that we miss the main point (may not entirely be the listener's fault), internal source of interference, focus too much

Semantic distractions

When we have an emotional response to particular words or concepts the speaker is presenting (positive or negative), internal source of interference, you don't understand, you're distracted by a previous event

Consumer of messages

When you are not in the position to inform or persuade so you have to listen intently to the messages around you

Unintentional plagiarism

When you fail to cite your sources due to a lack of note-taking or documenting your sources

Transitions

Words or phrases that demonstrate key relationships among ideas and indicate that a speaker is leaving one point and moving onto another

Signposts

Words that signal the next point to be made, repeated phrase or "cue"

Relationship between perception and self-concept

Your perceptions of self and other people's perceptions of you serve to form views about yourself

Why study persuasion?

•Persuasive messages are everywhere - You may not know when/where you're being persuaded - Being a responsible and a more informed/critical consumer of messages •Many students believe they already know everything - Testing situations - Don't trust your opinions •Implications - making mistakes - Persuasion is not inherently bad or negative - Enhance own efforts to persuade others - Help you in every facet of life