Comm final

prezi

A newer type presentation software that allows for non- linear presentations and is more graphically oriented rather than text oriented.

thesis statement

A one- or two-sentence encapsulation of the main points of a speech, also called the central idea.

pecha kucha

A presentation format that uses exactly 20 slides, and each slide is only viewed for 20 seconds. This format focuses on timing, brevity, and practice.

specific purpose statement

A sentence or two that describe precisely what the speech is intended to do.

impromptu speeches

A speech delivered without previous preparation.

topical speech

A speech in which main points are developed separately and are generally connected together within the introduction and conclusion.

problem-solution speech

A speech in which problems and solutions are presented alongside one another with a clear link between a problem and its solution.

spatial speech

A speech in which the main points are arranged according to their physical and geographic relationships.

chronological speech

A speech in which the main points are delivered according to when they happened and could be traced on a calendar or clock.

comparative speech

A speech in which two or more objects, ideas, beliefs, events, places, or things are compared or contrasted with one another.

refutation speech

A speech that anticipates the audience's opposition, then brings attention to the tensions between the two sides, and finally refutes them using evidential support.

causal speech

A speech that informs audience members about causes and effects that have already happened.

visual aids

an item of illustrative matter, such as a film, slide, or model, designed to supplement written or spoken information so that it can be understood more easily.

facial expressions

are a form of nonverbal communication.

colloquialisms

Words or phrases used in informal speech but not typically used in formal speech.

analogies

A figure of speech that essentially compares something that your audience knows and understands with something new and different.

preparation outline

A full-sentence outline that is used during the planning stages to flesh out ideas, arrange main points, and to rehearse the speech; could be used as a script if presenting a manuscript style speech.

rule of thirds

A layout design grid that divides a page into nine equal squares. Placing or aligning content along the grid lines creates a more powerful image.

Creative Common License

A designation by the copyright holder of an image or other work that it can be reused. The license identifies what specifically is allowed under what conditions and what credit must be given.

speaking outline

A succinct outline that uses words or short phrases to represent the components of a speech and that is used during speech delivery.

serif fonts

A type face whose characters have small lines or flourishes at the end points of letters. include Times New Roman, Georgia, and Palatino.

sanserif fonts

A type face whose characters do not have the small lines or flourishes at the end points of letters. include Arial, Helevetica, and Tahoma.

dialect

A variety of language, cant or jargon that is set apart from other varieties of the same language by grammar, vocabulary or patterns of speech sounds.

signposts

According to Beebe and Beebe, "words and gestures that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout your speech, showing relationships between ideas and emphasizing important points" (2005, p. 204).

Rhetorical Situation

According to Lloyd Bitzer, "a complex of persons, events, objects, and relations presenting an actual or potential exigence which can be completely or partially removed if discourse, introduced into the situation, can so constrain human decision or action as to bring about the significant modification of the exigence" (1968, p. 6).

primacy effect

According to this principle, audiences are likely to remember what they hear or read first.

recency effect

According to this principle, audiences are likely to remember what they hear or read last.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

An organization style that is designed to motivate the audience to take a particular action and is characterized by a five-step sequence: (1) attention, (2) need, (3) satisfaction, (4), visualization, and (5) action appeal.

communication styles

Attempts to reproduce what is in our minds in the minds of our audience.

metaphors

Comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another.

body language

Body stance, gestures and facial expressions.

similies

Comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another using the word "like" or "as" to make the comparison.

regionalisms

Customary words or phrases used in different geographic regions.

white space

Empty space in your design that helps direct the viewers' attention to the parts of the slide that really matter. can help reduce clutter on your slide.

outline

Hierarchal textual arrangement of all the various elements of a speech.

sub-points

Information that is used to support the main points of a speech.

spotlighting

Language such as "male nurse" that suggests a person is deviating from the "normal" person who would do a particular job and implies that someone's sex is relevant to a particular job.

heterosexist language

Language that assumes the heterosexual orientation of a person or group of people.

memorized delivery

Learning a speech by heart and then delivering it without notes.

extemporaneous delivery

Learning your speech well enough so that you can deliver it from a key word outline.

parallel structure

Main points that are worded using the same structure.

tone

The particular sound quality (e.g. nasal or breathy) or emotional expression of the voice.

thesis

One sentence or statement that succinctly and accurately lets the audience know what the speech will be about and what the speaker plans to accomplish in the speech.

Clichés

Phrases or expressions that, because of overuse, have lost their rhetorical power.

transitional statements

Phrases or sentences that lead from one distinct-but- connected idea to another.

hedges

Powerless phrases such as "I thought we should," "I sort of think," or "Maybe we should" that communicate uncertainty.

manuscript delivery

Reading the text of a speech word for word.

antithesis

Rhetorical strategy that uses contrasting statements in order to make a rhetorical point.

internal previews

Short descriptions of what a speaker will do and say during a speech; may be at the beginning and within the body of a speech.

summaries

Short recaps of what has already been said; used to remind the audience of the points already addressed.

preview

Sometimes called a road map, is a brief oral outline in which the speaker clearly and concisely states the main points of the speech.

organizational styles

Templates for organizing the main points of a speech that are rooted in traditions of public discourse and can jumpstart the speechwriting process.

man-linked terms

Terms such as "fireman" or "policemen" that incorrectly identify a job as linked only to a male

diction

The accent, inflection, intonation and sound quality of a speaker's voice. Also known as enunciation.

articulation

The act of producing clear, precise and distinct speech.

pixelation

The blurry appearance of images which are enlarged on a computer beyond their resolution. This often occurs when a small image is stretched to cover an entire slide.

timbre

The characteristic quality of the sound of one's voice.

technological imperative

The concept that new technologies are inevitable and essential and that they must be developed and accepted for the good of society

performance

The execution of a speech in front of an audience.

elocution

The formal study and practice of oral delivery, especially as it relates to the performance of voice and gestures.

pitch

The highness or lowness of one's voice or of sound.

main points

The key pieces of information or arguments contained within a talk or presentation.

Z pattern

The natural tendency of people from English-speaking countries, among others, to view images in the same way that they read text, that is, left to right, top to bottom. This results in the eye tracking along a Z-shaped path through the image.

general purpose statement

The overarching goal of a speech; for instance, to inform, to persuade, to inspire, to celebrate, to mourn, or to entertain.

accent

The prominence of a syllable in terms of loudness, pitch, and/or length.

tempo

The rate, pace, or rhythm of speech.

alliteration

The repetition of the initial sounds of words.

slideware

The software used to display digital slide shows. Examples of slideware include Microsoft PowerPoint, Apple iWork, Keynote, Google Drive Presentation, OpenOffice Impress.

jargon

The specialized language of a group or profession.

humor

The use of amusing or comical facts, stories, or forms of expression to maintain an audience's attention.

hyperbole

The use of moderate exaggeration for effect.

external credibility

This is a form of credibility based on attributes that a speaker can "borrow," such as using credible sources and referring to credible and popular people and events.

internal credibility

This is a form of credibility based on attributes that are largely controlled by a speaker, such as appearance, confidence, charisma, trustworthiness, and speaking ability.

slang

Type of language that most people understand but that is not considered acceptable in formal or polite conversation.`

inflections

Variations, turns and slides in pitch to achieve meaning.

fillers/vocalized pauses

Verbal fillers in speech such as "um," "uh," "like," "and," or "you know."

rhetorical questions

When a speaker asks a question that is not meant to be answered outloud, or a question for which the audience already knows the answer. This is often used as a way to get an audience to think about the topic.

quotations

a group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker

head bobber

a person who bobs his or her head looking down on the notes and up to the audience in an almost rhythmic pattern

obsessor

a person who looks at one or two audience members or who only looks in one direction

balcony gazer

a person who looks over the heads of his or her audience to avoid looking at any individual

profanity

blasphemous or obscene language

object

can be helpful when doing a demonstration

attention-getting strategies

examples: tell a story, refer to the occasion, refer to recent historical events, refer to previous speeches, refer to personal interest, use startling statistics, use an analogy, use a quotation, ask a question, and use humor

purpose statement

expresses both the topic and the general speech purpose in action form and in terms of the specific objectives you hope to achieve.

stories

have a beginning, middle and end, and this built-in structure allows the audience and the speaker to immediately share this experience.

economic imperative

is a set of principles that guide organizations in changing their work ethics and cultural values as times change

popular language

is characterized by vivid expressiveness and a low stylistic level; its elements are close to the conversational elements of literary speech and to dialectisms, argot expressions, and vulgarisms. The composition and boundaries change in the course of a language's history.

ethical communication

is that which does not unfairly label one thing or another based on personal bias

parallel structure

is the balance of two or more similar phrases or clauses, and parallel wording is the balance of two or more similar words

conclusion

is the last chance you have to speak to the audience about this topic. Depending on your general purpose, this portion of the speech will vary.

introduction

is the opening of an essay or speech, which typically identifies the topic, arouses interest, and prepares the audience for the development of the thesis. Also called an opening, a lead, or an introductory paragraph.

stylized language

language that communicates your meaning clearly, vividly, and with flair

sexist language

language that unnecessarily identifies sex or linguistically erases females through the use of man-linked terms and/or the use of "he" or "man" as generics.

expectancy violation

occur when people engage in behavior that is unexpected or inappropriate for the situation.

basic errors

occur when people make simple mistakes in grammar because of carelessness or a lack of knowledge

demographic imperative

refers to both the demographic changes and the corresponding pressure on the Public Sector and Public Health

eye contact

the act of looking directly into one another's eyes

statistics

the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample.

projection

the volume produced by the vocal instrument