Comm Final Study Guide
clincher and appeal to action
2 parts of speech conclusion
Be courteous and thank the interviewee
2 things that must happen at beginning and end of interview
Be courteous
Begin by introducing yourself and the purpose of the interview and by thanking the person for taking the time to talk to you.
disclosure
Benefits of ___________ include building a relationship, coping with stress, and emotional or psychological catharsis.
Language community
Everyone who speaks English is part of English's ___.
stating the thesis
Finally, _________ ________ ____________ in the introduction helps the audience understand what key points to listen for and what the speech will cover.
systematic problem solving process
First, it must identify and define . Second, it must analyze to find out as much about it as possible. Third, it must determine the criteria for judging the merits of proposed solutions. Fourth, it must identify alternative solutions. Fifth, it must evaluate the solutions and decide which solution should be used. 6th, the group will implement the agreed-upon solution.
end
If you decide to use handouts, distribute them at the ________ of the speech.
False
Men tend to use more eye contact during conversations than women do.
attention
Several strategies for getting ______________ are startling statements, questions (both rhetorical and direct questions), stories, jokes, personal references, quotations, action, and suspense.
Thank the interviewee
Thanking the interviewee leads to positive rapport, should you need to follow up later, and demonstrates that you appreciate his or her valuable time.
general goal
The _________ _____________ is the overall intent of the speech. Most speeches intend to entertain, inform, or persuade, even though each type can include elements of the others.
specific goal
The ____________ _____________ (or specific purpose) is a single statement that identifies the desired response a speaker wants from the audience.
speech introduction
The ____________ ______________ should get the audience's attention, identify the relevance of the topic to the audience, establish speaker credibility, and state the thesis.
active listening
The five steps in the __________ ______________ process are attending, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding.
oral footnotes
The key to preparing ________ ___________ is to include enough information for listeners to access the sources themselves and to offer enough credentials to enhance the credibility of the information you are citing.
linguistic sensitivity
To demonstrate _____________ ________________, avoid using generic language, nonparallel language, potentially offensive humor, and profanity or vulgarity.
linguistic sensitivity
To demonstrate _______________ _________________, choose words that are respectful of others and avoid potentially offensive language. Just as this is crucial to effective interpersonal and group communication, so is it also imperative in public speaking situations.
nonverbal
We communicate __________ messages through our bodies (gestures, eye contact, facial expression, posture, and touch), our voices (pitch, volume, rate, voice quality, intonation, and vocalized pauses), our use of space (personal space, territorial space, acoustic space, and artifacts), our use of time, and our physical appearance.
Nonverbal communication is the primary conveyor of emotion
When someone yells "I AM NOT ANGRY!" but the body language and voice clearly indicates that they are angry, this illustrates what characteristic of nonverbal communication?
Pragmatic meaning
____ comes from understanding a message related to its conversational context.
intonation
_____ is the variety, melody, or inflection of one's voice.
Privacy and disclosure
____________ and _______________ decisions affect relationships in three major ways. They affect intimacy level, reciprocity expectations, and information co-ownership.
Nonverbal
______________ communication is inevitable, multi-channeled, and ambiguous. It is also the primary way we convey our emotions.
Effective
_________________ communicators consciously end relationships with direct, open, and honest communication rather than manipulation, withdrawal, or avoidance.
Indirect
___________________strategies to avoid disclosure include changing the subject, masking feelings, or telling a white lie.
elevator speech
a 60-second oral summary of the type of job you are seeking and your qualifications for it
personal reference
a brief account of something that happened to you or a hypothetical situation that listeners can imagine themselves in
subject
a broad area of knowledge
quotation
a comment made by and attributed to someone other than the speaker
section transition
a complete sentence that shows the relationship between or bridges major parts of a speech
communication process
a complex set of three different and interrelated activities (message production, message interpretation, and interaction coordination) intended to result in shared meaning
proposition
a declarative sentence that clearly indicates the speaker's position on the topic
personal boundary
a direct approach for responding to people who expect us to disclose information or feelings we prefer to keep private
simile
a direct comparison of dissimilar things using the words like or as
problem definition
a formal written statement describing a problem
incongruence
a gap between self-perception and reality
healthy group
a group formed around a constructive purpose and characterized by ethical goals, interdependence, cohesiveness, productive norms, accountability, and synergy
interdependent group
a group in which members rely on each other's skills and knowledge to accomplish the group goals
interview
a highly structured conversation in which one person asks questions and another person answers them
topic
a narrower aspect of a subject
credibility
a perception of a speaker's knowledge, trustworthiness, and warmth
direct question
a question that demands an overt response from an audience
rhetorical question
a question that doesn't require an overt response from an audience
clincher
a short statement that provides a sense of closure by driving home the importance of your speech in a memorable way
cover letter
a short, well-written letter or email expressing your interest in a particular job and piquing curiosity about you as an applicant
impromptu speech
a speech that is delivered with only seconds or minutes to prepare
scripted speech
a speech that is prepared by creating a complete written manuscript and delivered by rote memory or by reading a written copy
extemporaneous speech
a speech that is researched and planned ahead of time, although the exact wording is not scripted and will vary from presentation to presentation
informative speech
a speech whose goal is to explain or describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that increases understanding
proposition of policy
a statement designed to convince the audience that a specific course of action should be taken
proposition of fact
a statement designed to convince the audience that something did or did not occur, is or is not true, or will or will not occur
proposition of value
a statement designed to convince the audience that something is good, fair, moral, sound, etc., or its opposite
résumé
a summary sheet highlighting your related experience, educational background, skills, and accomplishments
dialectic
a tension between conflicting forces
Johari Window
a tool for examining the relationship between disclosure and feedback in the relationship
dialect
a unique form of a more general language spoken by a specific culture or co-culture
acronyms
abbreviations that stand in for common phrases
language community
all people who understand a particular language
relationship life cycle
all relationships tend to move through identifiable and overlapping phases of coming together and coming apart
interpersonal communication
all the interactions that occur between two people to help start, build, maintain, and sometimes end or redefine the relationship
nonverbal communication
all the messages we send in ways that transcend spoken or written words
story
an account of something that has happened or could happen
action
an act designed to highlight and arouse interest in a topic
joke
an anecdote or a piece of wordplay designed to be funny and make people laugh
survey
an examination of people to gather information about their ideas and opinions
startling statement
an expression or example that grabs the audience's attention by shocking them in some way
analogy
an extended metaphor
metaphor
an implied comparison between two unlike things, expressed without using like or as
self-fulfilling prophecy
an inaccurate perception of a skill, characteristic, or situation that leads to behaviors that perpetuate that false perception as true
brainstorming
an uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating possible solutions by being creative, suspending judgment, and combining or adapting ideas
physical noise
any external sight or sound that detracts from a message
interference (noise)
any stimulus that interferes with the process of sharing meaning
presentational aid
any visual, audio, audiovisual, or other sensory material used to enhance a verbal message
job-seeker
anyone who is looking for a job or considering a job change
Persuasive speeches
are designed to influence the beliefs and/or the behavior of audience members. They are designed to lead and convince listeners to agree, change their behavior, or take action. They do this with arguments that use logos, ethos, and pathos to connect with and inspire the audience to follow the speaker.
Norms
are expectations about the way group members are to behave. Healthy groups develop ones that help them achieve their goals and foster cohesiveness
Mediators
are impartial arbiters who help find a mutually acceptable (win-win) resolution. Mediators do this by maintaining neutrality, keeping the discussion focused on issues and not personalities, helping to identify areas of common ground.
oral footnotes
are references to an original source, made at the point in the speech where information from that source is presented.
Maintenance leadership roles
are the sets of behaviors that help the group develop and maintain cohesion, commitment, and positive working relationships.
Logistics coordinators
arrange for appropriate spaces for group meetings, procure the supplies and equipment needed, and manage other details to meet the group's physical needs. The logistics coordinator's leadership role is usually carried out behind the scenes, but it is crucial to a group's success.
question of value
asked to determine or judge whether something is right, moral, good, or just
question of policy
asked to determine what course of action should be taken or what rules should be adopted to solve a problem
question of fact
asked to determine what is true or to what extent something is true
stereotyping
assuming all members of a group have similar knowledge levels, behaviors, or beliefs simply because they belong to that group
aggressive communication style
attacking another person's self-concept and/or expressing personal hostility in order to inflict psychological pain
grave-dressing
attempts to explain why a relationship failed
personification
attributing human qualities to a concept or an inanimate object
independent self-perceptions
based on the belief that traits and abilities are internal to the person and are universally applicable to all situations
interdependent self-perceptions
based on the belief that traits and abilities are specific to a particular context or relationship
remembering
being able to retain and recall information later
open-ended questions
broad-based queries that give the interviewee freedom about the specific information, opinions, or feelings that can be divulged
body movement
changing body position
antithesis
combining contrasting ideas in the same sentence
other-centered messages
comforting messages that encourage relational partners to talk about what happened and how they feel about it
social ease
communicating without appearing to be anxious or nervous
positive communication climate
communication climate in which partners feel valued and supported
relational maintenance
communication strategies used to keep a relationship operating smoothly and satisfactorily
predictability
consistency, reliability, and dependability in a relationship
nonverbal messages
cues we send with our body, voice, space, time, and appearance to support, modify, contradict, or even replace a verbal message
interpersonal relationship
defined by sets of expectations two people have for each other based on their previous interactions
appeal to action
describes the behavior you want your listeners to follow after they have heard your arguments
social penetration theory
describes the different kinds of self-disclosure we use in our relationships
praise
describing the specific positive behaviors or accomplishments of another and the effect that behavior has on others
team-building activities
designed to build rapport and develop trust among members
Healthy groups
develop clearly defined and ethical goals, are interdependent, are cohesive, work to establish and abide by norms, hold members accountable for group norms, and achieve synergy.
irrelevant association
emphasizing one person's relationship to another when doing so is not necessary to make the point
Supporters
encourage others to give opinions through positive body language or encouraging words.
Credibility
establishes why you are qualified to speak on your chosen topic. This also helps keep audience attention during the speech.
norms
expectations for the way group members are to behave
uncertainty reduction theory
explains the processes we go through to get to know strangers
idioms
expressions whose meanings are different from the literal meanings associated with the words used in them
vocalized pauses
extraneous sounds or words that interrupt fluent speech
content-oriented listeners
focus on and evaluate the facts and evidence
people-oriented listeners
focus on the feelings their conversational partners may have about what they're saying
action-oriented listeners
focus on the ultimate point the speaker is trying to make
secondary questions
follow-up questions that probe the interviewee to expand on the answers given to primary questions
illustrators
gestures that clarify a verbal message
emblems
gestures that substitute entirely for a word or words
Relationships
go through a life cycle that includes building and developing, maintaining, and perhaps de-escalating and ending.
accountability
group members being held responsible for adhering to the group norms and working toward the group's goal
Technology
has impacted how we begin, form, maintain, and dissolve relationships and is continuing to change our interpersonal communication.
Depth
has to do with the quality of information shared, which can range from relatively impersonal and "safe" to very confidential and "risky." social penetration theory
Breadth
has to do with the range of different subjects you discuss with your partner. social penetration theory
Tension relievers
help relieve stress among members usually through humor. We know that appropriate humor can reduce stress, as well as build relationships and provide perspective.
Harmonizers
help resolve conflicts.
Task leadership roles
help the group acquire, process, or apply information that contributes directly to completing a task or goal. Givers, seekers, and analyzers
Analyzers
help the group scrutinize the content and the reasoning of discussions. They may question what is being said and help members understand the hidden assumptions in their statements.
comforting
helping people feel better about themselves, their behavior, or their situation by creating a safe space to express their thoughts and feelings
eye contact (oculesics)
how and how much we look at others when communicating
media richness
how much and what kinds of information can be transmitted via a particular channel
proxemics
how space and distance communicate
timeliness
how the information can be used now
physical appearance
how we look to others
posture
how we position and move our body
body orientation
how we position our body in relation to other people
marginalizing
ignoring the values, needs, interests, and subject-specific knowledge of some audience members
ways to maintain a relationship
include spending time together; merging social networks; doing unselfish acts; and exchanging affection, self-disclosure, favors, and support.
proximity
information in relation to listeners' personal space
primary questions
introductory questions about each major interview topic
Leadership
is a process "whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal"
Relevance
is key in maintaining audience attention, so establishing how the topic relates to the audience in the introduction will help get (and keep) audience attention.
Expediters
keep track of the group's objectives and help move the group through the agenda.
rhetorical figures of speech
language that makes striking comparisons between things that are not obviously alike
verbal immediacy
language used to reduce the psychological distance between you and your audience
Gatekeepers
make sure all members have an opportunity to participate. If one or two members begin to dominate the conversation, this person acknowledges this and invites others to share. They also notice nonverbal signals that indicate that a member wishes to speak.
handout
material printed on sheets of paper to be distributed to an audience
informative speech
may use presentational aids, repetition, short multimedia snippets, visual or aural exemplar, transitions, humor or other emotional anecdotes, and mnemonics and acronyms
semantic meaning
meaning derived from the words themselves and how they are arranged into sentences
informal emergent leaders
members who help lead the group to achieve different leadership functions, make for effective leadership in groups.
confirming communication messages
messages that convey that we care about our partner
disconfirming communication messages
messages that signal a lack of regard for our partner
gestures
movements of hands, arms, and fingers to accompany or replace a verbal message
relationship life cycle
moving back and forth among the relationship phases
describing feelings
naming the emotions you are feeling without judging them
closed-ended questions
narrowly focused questions that require very brief (one- or two-word) answers
reframe the situation
offering ideas, observations, information, or alternative explanations that might help a relational partner understand a situation in a different light
novelty
originality, freshness, and uniqueness in a relationship
listening style
our favored and usually unconscious approach to listening
idiolect
our own individual unique pronunciations, grammar, and syntax
time-oriented listeners
prefer brief and hurried conversations and use nonverbal and verbal cues to signal that their partner needs to be more concise
ground rules
prescribed behaviors designed to help a group meet its goals and conduct its conversations
ground rules
prescribed behaviors designed to help the group meet its goals and conduct its conversations.
visual aids
presentational aids that enhance a speech by allowing audience members to see what you are describing or explaining
audiovisual aids
presentational aids that enhance a verbal message through a combination of sight and sound
audio aids
presentational aids that enhance a verbal message through sound
give advice
presenting relevant suggestions for resolving a problem or situation
Seekers
probe others for their ideas and opinions during group meetings.
Givers
provide content for the discussion. People who perform this role are well informed on the content of the task and share what they know with the group.
Procedural leadership roles
provide logistical support and record the group's accomplishments and decisions.
sacrifice
putting one's needs or desires on hold to attend to the needs of one's partner or the relationship
neutral questions
questions that do not direct a person's answer
leading questions
questions that guide respondents toward providing certain types of information and imply that the interviewer prefers one answer over another
questions
requests for information that encourage an audience to think about something related to your topic
repetition
restating words, phrases, or sentences for emphasis
speech communities
smaller groups that speak a common dialect
circumscribing stage
stage during which communication decreases in both quantity and quality
avoiding stage
stage during which partners create physical distance by making excuses not to do things together
stagnating stage
stage during which partners just go through the motions of interacting without enthusiasm or emotion
terminating stage
stage during which partners no longer interact with each other
criteria
standards used for judging the merits of proposed solutions
passive communication style
submitting to another's desires and expectations while concealing one's own
Recorders
take careful notes of group decisions and the evidence upon which they are based, sometimes called minutes. They usually distribute edited copies of their notes to group members prior to the next meeting.
kinesics
term for what and how body motions communicate
haptics
term for what and how touch communicates
emoticons
textual images that symbolize the sender's mood, emotion, or facial expressions
marking
the addition of sex, race, age, or other group designations to a description
media richness
the amount and kinds of media transmitted via a particular channel
acoustic space
the area over which one's voice can be comfortably heard
common ground
the background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies a speaker shares with an audience
interaction coordination
the behavioral adjustments each participant makes in an attempt to create shared meaning
lexicon
the collection of words and expressions in a language
relational dialectics
the competing psychological tensions in a relationship
listening
the complex affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes of attending to, understanding and interpreting, and responding to verbal and/or nonverbal messages
rhetorical situation
the composite of you, the audience, and the occasion
other-disclosure
the confidential information shared about someone by a third party
self-disclosure
the confidential information we deliberately choose to share about ourselves
active listening
the deliberate process of attending to, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding to messages
positive face needs
the desire to be appreciated, liked, and valued
negative face needs
the desire to be independent and self-sufficient
connection
the desire to do things and make decisions with one's partner
autonomy
the desire to do things independent of one's partner
closedness
the desire to maintain one's privacy in a relationship
openness
the desire to share intimate ideas and feelings with one's partner
personal space
the distance we try to maintain when we interact with others
self-esteem
the evaluation we make about our personal worthiness based on our self-concept
occasion
the expected purpose and setting for the speech
synchronicity
the extent to which a channel allows for immediate feedback
cohesiveness
the force that brings group members closer together
passive listening
the habitual and unconscious process of receiving messages
pitch
the highness or lowness of vocal tone
communication competence
the impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in a given situation
interview protocol
the list of questions used to elicit desired information from the interviewee
volume
the loudness or softness of vocal tone
synergy
the multiplying force of a group working together that results in a combined effort greater than any of the parts
communication climate
the overall emotional tone of a relationship
self-perception
the overall view we have of ourselves, which includes both our self-concept and self-esteem
self-concept
the perception we have of our skills, abilities, knowledge, competencies, and personality traits
face
the perception we want others to have of our worth
credibility
the perception your audience has about your competence and character
territorial space
the physical space over which we claim ownership
understanding
the process of accurately interpreting a message
relationship transformation
the process of changing a relationship from one level of intimacy to another
decision making
the process of choosing among alternatives
evaluating
the process of critically analyzing a message
responding
the process of providing feedback
disclosure
the process of revealing confidential information
audience adaptation
the process of tailoring the speech to the needs, interests, and expectations of the audience
attending
the process of willfully perceiving and focusing on a message
communication
the process through which we express, interpret, and coordinate messages with others
audience diversity
the range of demographic characteristics and subject-specific differences represented in an audience
exigence
the reason the speech needs to be given
alliteration
the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words that are near one another
assonance
the repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase or phrases
channel
the route traveled by the message and the means of transportation
voice quality (timbre)
the sound of a person's voice that distinguishes it from others
rate
the speed at which a person speaks
message interpretation
the steps you take when you decode a message
message production
the steps you take when you encode a message
reframing
the strategy of changing one's perception about the level of tension
topical segmentation
the strategy of choosing certain topics with which to satisfy one dialectical tension and other topics for its opposite
temporal selection
the strategy of choosing one desire and ignoring its opposite for a while
neutralization
the strategy of compromising between the desires of the two partners
audience analysis
the study of the intended audience for the speech
interviews
the three types include information gathering, employment, and media.
onomatopoeia
the use of words that sound like the things they stand for
intonation
the variety, melody, or inflection in one's voice
paralanguage (vocalics)
the voiced part of a spoken message that goes beyond the actual words
communication privacy management
theory describes the decision-making process we go through regarding whether or not to disclose confidential information
psychological noise
thoughts and feelings we experience that compete with a sender's message for our attention
adaptors
unconscious responses to physical or psychological needs
pragmatic meaning
understanding a message related to its conversational context
cyberbullying
use of technology to convey verbally aggressive messages
Interpreters
use their knowledge about the different social, cultural, and gender orientations of group members to help group members understand each other
facial expression
using facial muscles to communicate
speaking appropriately
using language that adapts to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of the audience
feedback
verbal and nonverbal responses to disclosed information
When relationships start to deteriorate
we tend to recognize feelings of dissatisfaction, notice each other's faults, experience more conflict, discuss only safe topics, and spend less time together.
In the first stage of beginning and developing a relationship
we try to get to know each other to reduce uncertainty, we develop feelings of relaxation and confirmation, and we experience greater levels of disclosure and support.
ideal self-concept
what we would like to be
assertive communication style
when one expresses personal preferences to others while respecting the desires and expectations of their partner and relationship
passive-aggressive communication style
when one submits to an others' demands and conceals their own preferences while indirectly expressing hostility toward their partner
suspense
wording your attention-getter so it generates uncertainty and excites the audience
nonparallel language
words that are changed because of the sex, race, or other group characteristics of the individual
generic language
words used that apply to one co-cultural group as though they represent everyone
transitions
words, phrases, or sentences that show the relationship between or bridge ideas
