Comm Final Study Guide

clincher and appeal to action

2 parts of speech conclusion

Be courteous and thank the interviewee

2 things that must happen at beginning and end of interview

Be courteous

Begin by introducing yourself and the purpose of the interview and by thanking the person for taking the time to talk to you.

disclosure

Benefits of ___________ include building a relationship, coping with stress, and emotional or psychological catharsis.

Language community

Everyone who speaks English is part of English's ___.

stating the thesis

Finally, _________ ________ ____________ in the introduction helps the audience understand what key points to listen for and what the speech will cover.

systematic problem solving process

First, it must identify and define . Second, it must analyze to find out as much about it as possible. Third, it must determine the criteria for judging the merits of proposed solutions. Fourth, it must identify alternative solutions. Fifth, it must evaluate the solutions and decide which solution should be used. 6th, the group will implement the agreed-upon solution.

end

If you decide to use handouts, distribute them at the ________ of the speech.

False

Men tend to use more eye contact during conversations than women do.

attention

Several strategies for getting ______________ are startling statements, questions (both rhetorical and direct questions), stories, jokes, personal references, quotations, action, and suspense.

Thank the interviewee

Thanking the interviewee leads to positive rapport, should you need to follow up later, and demonstrates that you appreciate his or her valuable time.

general goal

The _________ _____________ is the overall intent of the speech. Most speeches intend to entertain, inform, or persuade, even though each type can include elements of the others.

specific goal

The ____________ _____________ (or specific purpose) is a single statement that identifies the desired response a speaker wants from the audience.

speech introduction

The ____________ ______________ should get the audience's attention, identify the relevance of the topic to the audience, establish speaker credibility, and state the thesis.

active listening

The five steps in the __________ ______________ process are attending, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding.

oral footnotes

The key to preparing ________ ___________ is to include enough information for listeners to access the sources themselves and to offer enough credentials to enhance the credibility of the information you are citing.

linguistic sensitivity

To demonstrate _____________ ________________, avoid using generic language, nonparallel language, potentially offensive humor, and profanity or vulgarity.

linguistic sensitivity

To demonstrate _______________ _________________, choose words that are respectful of others and avoid potentially offensive language. Just as this is crucial to effective interpersonal and group communication, so is it also imperative in public speaking situations.

nonverbal

We communicate __________ messages through our bodies (gestures, eye contact, facial expression, posture, and touch), our voices (pitch, volume, rate, voice quality, intonation, and vocalized pauses), our use of space (personal space, territorial space, acoustic space, and artifacts), our use of time, and our physical appearance.

Nonverbal communication is the primary conveyor of emotion

When someone yells "I AM NOT ANGRY!" but the body language and voice clearly indicates that they are angry, this illustrates what characteristic of nonverbal communication?

Pragmatic meaning

____ comes from understanding a message related to its conversational context.

intonation

_____ is the variety, melody, or inflection of one's voice.

Privacy and disclosure

____________ and _______________ decisions affect relationships in three major ways. They affect intimacy level, reciprocity expectations, and information co-ownership.

Nonverbal

______________ communication is inevitable, multi-channeled, and ambiguous. It is also the primary way we convey our emotions.

Effective

_________________ communicators consciously end relationships with direct, open, and honest communication rather than manipulation, withdrawal, or avoidance.

Indirect

___________________strategies to avoid disclosure include changing the subject, masking feelings, or telling a white lie.

elevator speech

a 60-second oral summary of the type of job you are seeking and your qualifications for it

personal reference

a brief account of something that happened to you or a hypothetical situation that listeners can imagine themselves in

subject

a broad area of knowledge

quotation

a comment made by and attributed to someone other than the speaker

section transition

a complete sentence that shows the relationship between or bridges major parts of a speech

communication process

a complex set of three different and interrelated activities (message production, message interpretation, and interaction coordination) intended to result in shared meaning

proposition

a declarative sentence that clearly indicates the speaker's position on the topic

personal boundary

a direct approach for responding to people who expect us to disclose information or feelings we prefer to keep private

simile

a direct comparison of dissimilar things using the words like or as

problem definition

a formal written statement describing a problem

incongruence

a gap between self-perception and reality

healthy group

a group formed around a constructive purpose and characterized by ethical goals, interdependence, cohesiveness, productive norms, accountability, and synergy

interdependent group

a group in which members rely on each other's skills and knowledge to accomplish the group goals

interview

a highly structured conversation in which one person asks questions and another person answers them

topic

a narrower aspect of a subject

credibility

a perception of a speaker's knowledge, trustworthiness, and warmth

direct question

a question that demands an overt response from an audience

rhetorical question

a question that doesn't require an overt response from an audience

clincher

a short statement that provides a sense of closure by driving home the importance of your speech in a memorable way

cover letter

a short, well-written letter or email expressing your interest in a particular job and piquing curiosity about you as an applicant

impromptu speech

a speech that is delivered with only seconds or minutes to prepare

scripted speech

a speech that is prepared by creating a complete written manuscript and delivered by rote memory or by reading a written copy

extemporaneous speech

a speech that is researched and planned ahead of time, although the exact wording is not scripted and will vary from presentation to presentation

informative speech

a speech whose goal is to explain or describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that increases understanding

proposition of policy

a statement designed to convince the audience that a specific course of action should be taken

proposition of fact

a statement designed to convince the audience that something did or did not occur, is or is not true, or will or will not occur

proposition of value

a statement designed to convince the audience that something is good, fair, moral, sound, etc., or its opposite

résumé

a summary sheet highlighting your related experience, educational background, skills, and accomplishments

dialectic

a tension between conflicting forces

Johari Window

a tool for examining the relationship between disclosure and feedback in the relationship

dialect

a unique form of a more general language spoken by a specific culture or co-culture

acronyms

abbreviations that stand in for common phrases

language community

all people who understand a particular language

relationship life cycle

all relationships tend to move through identifiable and overlapping phases of coming together and coming apart

interpersonal communication

all the interactions that occur between two people to help start, build, maintain, and sometimes end or redefine the relationship

nonverbal communication

all the messages we send in ways that transcend spoken or written words

story

an account of something that has happened or could happen

action

an act designed to highlight and arouse interest in a topic

joke

an anecdote or a piece of wordplay designed to be funny and make people laugh

survey

an examination of people to gather information about their ideas and opinions

startling statement

an expression or example that grabs the audience's attention by shocking them in some way

analogy

an extended metaphor

metaphor

an implied comparison between two unlike things, expressed without using like or as

self-fulfilling prophecy

an inaccurate perception of a skill, characteristic, or situation that leads to behaviors that perpetuate that false perception as true

brainstorming

an uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating possible solutions by being creative, suspending judgment, and combining or adapting ideas

physical noise

any external sight or sound that detracts from a message

interference (noise)

any stimulus that interferes with the process of sharing meaning

presentational aid

any visual, audio, audiovisual, or other sensory material used to enhance a verbal message

job-seeker

anyone who is looking for a job or considering a job change

Persuasive speeches

are designed to influence the beliefs and/or the behavior of audience members. They are designed to lead and convince listeners to agree, change their behavior, or take action. They do this with arguments that use logos, ethos, and pathos to connect with and inspire the audience to follow the speaker.

Norms

are expectations about the way group members are to behave. Healthy groups develop ones that help them achieve their goals and foster cohesiveness

Mediators

are impartial arbiters who help find a mutually acceptable (win-win) resolution. Mediators do this by maintaining neutrality, keeping the discussion focused on issues and not personalities, helping to identify areas of common ground.

oral footnotes

are references to an original source, made at the point in the speech where information from that source is presented.

Maintenance leadership roles

are the sets of behaviors that help the group develop and maintain cohesion, commitment, and positive working relationships.

Logistics coordinators

arrange for appropriate spaces for group meetings, procure the supplies and equipment needed, and manage other details to meet the group's physical needs. The logistics coordinator's leadership role is usually carried out behind the scenes, but it is crucial to a group's success.

question of value

asked to determine or judge whether something is right, moral, good, or just

question of policy

asked to determine what course of action should be taken or what rules should be adopted to solve a problem

question of fact

asked to determine what is true or to what extent something is true

stereotyping

assuming all members of a group have similar knowledge levels, behaviors, or beliefs simply because they belong to that group

aggressive communication style

attacking another person's self-concept and/or expressing personal hostility in order to inflict psychological pain

grave-dressing

attempts to explain why a relationship failed

personification

attributing human qualities to a concept or an inanimate object

independent self-perceptions

based on the belief that traits and abilities are internal to the person and are universally applicable to all situations

interdependent self-perceptions

based on the belief that traits and abilities are specific to a particular context or relationship

remembering

being able to retain and recall information later

open-ended questions

broad-based queries that give the interviewee freedom about the specific information, opinions, or feelings that can be divulged

body movement

changing body position

antithesis

combining contrasting ideas in the same sentence

other-centered messages

comforting messages that encourage relational partners to talk about what happened and how they feel about it

social ease

communicating without appearing to be anxious or nervous

positive communication climate

communication climate in which partners feel valued and supported

relational maintenance

communication strategies used to keep a relationship operating smoothly and satisfactorily

predictability

consistency, reliability, and dependability in a relationship

nonverbal messages

cues we send with our body, voice, space, time, and appearance to support, modify, contradict, or even replace a verbal message

interpersonal relationship

defined by sets of expectations two people have for each other based on their previous interactions

appeal to action

describes the behavior you want your listeners to follow after they have heard your arguments

social penetration theory

describes the different kinds of self-disclosure we use in our relationships

praise

describing the specific positive behaviors or accomplishments of another and the effect that behavior has on others

team-building activities

designed to build rapport and develop trust among members

Healthy groups

develop clearly defined and ethical goals, are interdependent, are cohesive, work to establish and abide by norms, hold members accountable for group norms, and achieve synergy.

irrelevant association

emphasizing one person's relationship to another when doing so is not necessary to make the point

Supporters

encourage others to give opinions through positive body language or encouraging words.

Credibility

establishes why you are qualified to speak on your chosen topic. This also helps keep audience attention during the speech.

norms

expectations for the way group members are to behave

uncertainty reduction theory

explains the processes we go through to get to know strangers

idioms

expressions whose meanings are different from the literal meanings associated with the words used in them

vocalized pauses

extraneous sounds or words that interrupt fluent speech

content-oriented listeners

focus on and evaluate the facts and evidence

people-oriented listeners

focus on the feelings their conversational partners may have about what they're saying

action-oriented listeners

focus on the ultimate point the speaker is trying to make

secondary questions

follow-up questions that probe the interviewee to expand on the answers given to primary questions

illustrators

gestures that clarify a verbal message

emblems

gestures that substitute entirely for a word or words

Relationships

go through a life cycle that includes building and developing, maintaining, and perhaps de-escalating and ending.

accountability

group members being held responsible for adhering to the group norms and working toward the group's goal

Technology

has impacted how we begin, form, maintain, and dissolve relationships and is continuing to change our interpersonal communication.

Depth

has to do with the quality of information shared, which can range from relatively impersonal and "safe" to very confidential and "risky." social penetration theory

Breadth

has to do with the range of different subjects you discuss with your partner. social penetration theory

Tension relievers

help relieve stress among members usually through humor. We know that appropriate humor can reduce stress, as well as build relationships and provide perspective.

Harmonizers

help resolve conflicts.

Task leadership roles

help the group acquire, process, or apply information that contributes directly to completing a task or goal. Givers, seekers, and analyzers

Analyzers

help the group scrutinize the content and the reasoning of discussions. They may question what is being said and help members understand the hidden assumptions in their statements.

comforting

helping people feel better about themselves, their behavior, or their situation by creating a safe space to express their thoughts and feelings

eye contact (oculesics)

how and how much we look at others when communicating

media richness

how much and what kinds of information can be transmitted via a particular channel

proxemics

how space and distance communicate

timeliness

how the information can be used now

physical appearance

how we look to others

posture

how we position and move our body

body orientation

how we position our body in relation to other people

marginalizing

ignoring the values, needs, interests, and subject-specific knowledge of some audience members

ways to maintain a relationship

include spending time together; merging social networks; doing unselfish acts; and exchanging affection, self-disclosure, favors, and support.

proximity

information in relation to listeners' personal space

primary questions

introductory questions about each major interview topic

Leadership

is a process "whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal"

Relevance

is key in maintaining audience attention, so establishing how the topic relates to the audience in the introduction will help get (and keep) audience attention.

Expediters

keep track of the group's objectives and help move the group through the agenda.

rhetorical figures of speech

language that makes striking comparisons between things that are not obviously alike

verbal immediacy

language used to reduce the psychological distance between you and your audience

Gatekeepers

make sure all members have an opportunity to participate. If one or two members begin to dominate the conversation, this person acknowledges this and invites others to share. They also notice nonverbal signals that indicate that a member wishes to speak.

handout

material printed on sheets of paper to be distributed to an audience

informative speech

may use presentational aids, repetition, short multimedia snippets, visual or aural exemplar, transitions, humor or other emotional anecdotes, and mnemonics and acronyms

semantic meaning

meaning derived from the words themselves and how they are arranged into sentences

informal emergent leaders

members who help lead the group to achieve different leadership functions, make for effective leadership in groups.

confirming communication messages

messages that convey that we care about our partner

disconfirming communication messages

messages that signal a lack of regard for our partner

gestures

movements of hands, arms, and fingers to accompany or replace a verbal message

relationship life cycle

moving back and forth among the relationship phases

describing feelings

naming the emotions you are feeling without judging them

closed-ended questions

narrowly focused questions that require very brief (one- or two-word) answers

reframe the situation

offering ideas, observations, information, or alternative explanations that might help a relational partner understand a situation in a different light

novelty

originality, freshness, and uniqueness in a relationship

listening style

our favored and usually unconscious approach to listening

idiolect

our own individual unique pronunciations, grammar, and syntax

time-oriented listeners

prefer brief and hurried conversations and use nonverbal and verbal cues to signal that their partner needs to be more concise

ground rules

prescribed behaviors designed to help a group meet its goals and conduct its conversations

ground rules

prescribed behaviors designed to help the group meet its goals and conduct its conversations.

visual aids

presentational aids that enhance a speech by allowing audience members to see what you are describing or explaining

audiovisual aids

presentational aids that enhance a verbal message through a combination of sight and sound

audio aids

presentational aids that enhance a verbal message through sound

give advice

presenting relevant suggestions for resolving a problem or situation

Seekers

probe others for their ideas and opinions during group meetings.

Givers

provide content for the discussion. People who perform this role are well informed on the content of the task and share what they know with the group.

Procedural leadership roles

provide logistical support and record the group's accomplishments and decisions.

sacrifice

putting one's needs or desires on hold to attend to the needs of one's partner or the relationship

neutral questions

questions that do not direct a person's answer

leading questions

questions that guide respondents toward providing certain types of information and imply that the interviewer prefers one answer over another

questions

requests for information that encourage an audience to think about something related to your topic

repetition

restating words, phrases, or sentences for emphasis

speech communities

smaller groups that speak a common dialect

circumscribing stage

stage during which communication decreases in both quantity and quality

avoiding stage

stage during which partners create physical distance by making excuses not to do things together

stagnating stage

stage during which partners just go through the motions of interacting without enthusiasm or emotion

terminating stage

stage during which partners no longer interact with each other

criteria

standards used for judging the merits of proposed solutions

passive communication style

submitting to another's desires and expectations while concealing one's own

Recorders

take careful notes of group decisions and the evidence upon which they are based, sometimes called minutes. They usually distribute edited copies of their notes to group members prior to the next meeting.

kinesics

term for what and how body motions communicate

haptics

term for what and how touch communicates

emoticons

textual images that symbolize the sender's mood, emotion, or facial expressions

marking

the addition of sex, race, age, or other group designations to a description

media richness

the amount and kinds of media transmitted via a particular channel

acoustic space

the area over which one's voice can be comfortably heard

common ground

the background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies a speaker shares with an audience

interaction coordination

the behavioral adjustments each participant makes in an attempt to create shared meaning

lexicon

the collection of words and expressions in a language

relational dialectics

the competing psychological tensions in a relationship

listening

the complex affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes of attending to, understanding and interpreting, and responding to verbal and/or nonverbal messages

rhetorical situation

the composite of you, the audience, and the occasion

other-disclosure

the confidential information shared about someone by a third party

self-disclosure

the confidential information we deliberately choose to share about ourselves

active listening

the deliberate process of attending to, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding to messages

positive face needs

the desire to be appreciated, liked, and valued

negative face needs

the desire to be independent and self-sufficient

connection

the desire to do things and make decisions with one's partner

autonomy

the desire to do things independent of one's partner

closedness

the desire to maintain one's privacy in a relationship

openness

the desire to share intimate ideas and feelings with one's partner

personal space

the distance we try to maintain when we interact with others

self-esteem

the evaluation we make about our personal worthiness based on our self-concept

occasion

the expected purpose and setting for the speech

synchronicity

the extent to which a channel allows for immediate feedback

cohesiveness

the force that brings group members closer together

passive listening

the habitual and unconscious process of receiving messages

pitch

the highness or lowness of vocal tone

communication competence

the impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in a given situation

interview protocol

the list of questions used to elicit desired information from the interviewee

volume

the loudness or softness of vocal tone

synergy

the multiplying force of a group working together that results in a combined effort greater than any of the parts

communication climate

the overall emotional tone of a relationship

self-perception

the overall view we have of ourselves, which includes both our self-concept and self-esteem

self-concept

the perception we have of our skills, abilities, knowledge, competencies, and personality traits

face

the perception we want others to have of our worth

credibility

the perception your audience has about your competence and character

territorial space

the physical space over which we claim ownership

understanding

the process of accurately interpreting a message

relationship transformation

the process of changing a relationship from one level of intimacy to another

decision making

the process of choosing among alternatives

evaluating

the process of critically analyzing a message

responding

the process of providing feedback

disclosure

the process of revealing confidential information

audience adaptation

the process of tailoring the speech to the needs, interests, and expectations of the audience

attending

the process of willfully perceiving and focusing on a message

communication

the process through which we express, interpret, and coordinate messages with others

audience diversity

the range of demographic characteristics and subject-specific differences represented in an audience

exigence

the reason the speech needs to be given

alliteration

the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words that are near one another

assonance

the repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase or phrases

channel

the route traveled by the message and the means of transportation

voice quality (timbre)

the sound of a person's voice that distinguishes it from others

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

message interpretation

the steps you take when you decode a message

message production

the steps you take when you encode a message

reframing

the strategy of changing one's perception about the level of tension

topical segmentation

the strategy of choosing certain topics with which to satisfy one dialectical tension and other topics for its opposite

temporal selection

the strategy of choosing one desire and ignoring its opposite for a while

neutralization

the strategy of compromising between the desires of the two partners

audience analysis

the study of the intended audience for the speech

interviews

the three types include information gathering, employment, and media.

onomatopoeia

the use of words that sound like the things they stand for

intonation

the variety, melody, or inflection in one's voice

paralanguage (vocalics)

the voiced part of a spoken message that goes beyond the actual words

communication privacy management

theory describes the decision-making process we go through regarding whether or not to disclose confidential information

psychological noise

thoughts and feelings we experience that compete with a sender's message for our attention

adaptors

unconscious responses to physical or psychological needs

pragmatic meaning

understanding a message related to its conversational context

cyberbullying

use of technology to convey verbally aggressive messages

Interpreters

use their knowledge about the different social, cultural, and gender orientations of group members to help group members understand each other

facial expression

using facial muscles to communicate

speaking appropriately

using language that adapts to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of the audience

feedback

verbal and nonverbal responses to disclosed information

When relationships start to deteriorate

we tend to recognize feelings of dissatisfaction, notice each other's faults, experience more conflict, discuss only safe topics, and spend less time together.

In the first stage of beginning and developing a relationship

we try to get to know each other to reduce uncertainty, we develop feelings of relaxation and confirmation, and we experience greater levels of disclosure and support.

ideal self-concept

what we would like to be

assertive communication style

when one expresses personal preferences to others while respecting the desires and expectations of their partner and relationship

passive-aggressive communication style

when one submits to an others' demands and conceals their own preferences while indirectly expressing hostility toward their partner

suspense

wording your attention-getter so it generates uncertainty and excites the audience

nonparallel language

words that are changed because of the sex, race, or other group characteristics of the individual

generic language

words used that apply to one co-cultural group as though they represent everyone

transitions

words, phrases, or sentences that show the relationship between or bridge ideas