Comm Test 1

What is mindfulness, and how can we engage that process when making attributions?

Being fully engaged in the moment Enhances communication by increasing our understanding of how others feel and think. And when we listen mindfully, others express themselves in greater depth

Articulate and describe two separate advantages of being a high self-monitor and two separate advantages of being a low self-monitor.

High:A--Makes good first impressionsA--Can adjust easily to different situationsD--Changes face oftenD--Don't really get to know who the person is Low:A--Comfortable with selfA--RealD--Sometimes makes poor first impressionsD--Tend to speak their mind at any time

Explain the primary differences between the action, interaction, and transaction models of communication.

Linear- involves a sender who sends a message through a channel to a receiver in an atmosphere of noise Interactive- basically the same as linear, except the interactive model of communication includes feedback. Introduction of feedback indicates that communication is a two-way progress. Also includes fields of experience. Transactional- basically the same as interactive except you are sending and receiving simultaneously, mostly non verbally. Claims that communications affects all parties involved. Involves content dimension and relationship dimension

Using specific examples, explain the idea that "meanings are in people."

Meaning comes from experience. The word "kind" has a certain meaning for a certain person because of an experience they have had. So the same word could have different meanings for different people.

Using concrete examples, explain how two of the following needs are served by communication: physical, relational, identity, spiritual, instrumental.

Physical needs use communication to help maintain physical and mental well-being Relational-communication helps us form social and personal relationships

What are the elements of the semantic triangle? Define each element, and provide an example of how they work together.

Symbol-an item used to represent other things, ideas, or events; reference- is the initial thought you have associated with a word; referent is the actual meaning of the word

Compare and contrast the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias as common attribution errors.

attribution bias that discusses our tendency to explain someone's behaviors on the internal dispositions

Describe how language is tied to issues of credibility, and provide examples of at least three different factors that might affect one's credibility.

credibility is the audience's attitude toward or perception of the speaker; three different factors- competence, character, and charisma

Explain the concept of hate speech. Compare and contrast it with both profanity and slang.

hate speech is public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation; profanity is obscene language; slang is informal language

Define the primacy and recency effects, and explain how they work together to influence perceptions.

how we perceive certain things influences our evaluation of it:• This effect lets us show how people perceive things a certain way and how focusing on the 1st or 2nd part may influence and/or change a person's point of view.Ex: When describing someone, putting their qualities or defaults first changes everything. Order counts.• It shows how we generally use early information to forge an opinion, and then later use information to get more specific.• This habit of according more importance to early information and linking to it the 'later' information, making it dependent of the 1st can be misleading, inappropriate or discriminatory. Subsequent perceptions are unable to make us change our minds just so it doesn't upset/disrupt our original image.

Describe how the idea of the "looking-glass self" affects the development of our self-concept.

individuals develop their concept of self by observing how they are perceived by others

Describe what research has shown regarding the effects of culture and gender on self-esteem.

men have higher self-esteem than women

Using concrete examples, articulate and explain how perceptual accuracy can be influenced by social and occupational roles.

our accuracy depends on how we selectively attend to one information and ignores other. Selective attention is itself influenced by societal values. One of the major problems in perception is to ensure that we always perceive the same object in the same way, despite the fact that the sensations that it creates on our receptors changes dramatically. The ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensation is known as perceptual constancy. Consider our image of a door as it swings. When it is closed, we see it as rectangular, but when it is open, we see only its edge and it appears as a line. But we never perceive the door as changing shape as it swings—perceptual mechanisms take care of the problem for us by allowing us to see a constant shape.

Identify and briefly define each of the three stages of the perception-making process.

selection; organization, and interpretation

Compare and contrast social comparison and reflected appraisal as influences on the development of a self-concept.

social comparison states that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others; reflected appraisal describes a person's perception of how others see and evaluate him or her.

Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and give examples that illustrate its assertions. Bloom's: Understand

the structure of language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken