comparative psych

The founders of modern studies of animal behavior and comparative psychology are considered to be

Charles Darwin and his student, George Romanes

Darwin is given credit for the theory of evolution, rather than A.R. Wallace, because

Darwin provided more evidence to support the theory

What influential individual considered animals to be biological machines?

Descartes

The "flagging behavior" displayed by birds when predators are nearby is best viewed as

a form of parental investment

A plant which captures and eats insects is

a predator

Ethology began from the work of two biologists

Heinwroth and Whitman

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE

New species are being discovered all the time

The zebra's stripes make it difficult for predators to detect the body's contour, a phenomenon called

disruptive coloration

If a bat comes too close to a moth, the moth can detect the bat's sound and take action by

diving wildly and erratically

In general, it is better to be

either a specialist or generalist, depending on the circumstances the animal is in

A member of the seal family which has a migration route about as long the gray whale is the

elephant seal

Hunters such as wild dogs and hyenas will switch from one prey species to another

just for the sake of variety in their diet

The farther north a bird species breeds, the

larger number of offspring it will have

The concept of a search image refers to the fact that

predators get better at finding their prey with greater exposure to it

African wild dogs and spotted hyenas generally

pursue their prey until it tires out

Darwin maintained that differences between animals and humans are

quantitative

The journeys of lemmings every four of five years are

really dispersal rather than migration

Which one of the following is an example of a primary defense against predators?

retreating into a protective shell, like a turtle

When a prey animal is confronted with a predator, the most common response of the prey animal is to

run away

Honeybees locate the flowers containing the nectar that they need for food by

seeing the flowers in ultraviolet

Great Dane, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever: Which level of taxonomy do these terms refer to?

variety

The sand scorpion can locate prey by using

vibration sensors in its legs

Eagles primarily use... to locate potential prey, while owls primarily use...

vision and hearing

If food source is more than 100 meters from the hive, the honeybee performs a dance that contains information about both the distance and direction of the food source, namely the

waggle dance

Indigo buntings have a predisposition to learn

which sky pattern they see when they are growing up

Rattlesnakes can strike in total darkness by using

heat detectors in its head

Harris hawks often capture prey rabbits by

using a variety of group hunting techniques

The modern understanding of animal behavior began in which century?

19th

In the history of western science, the "father of biology" and the "father of psychology" is considered to be

Aristotle

The most important set of organizing principles in the study of animal behavior is provided by

Lorenz's theory of ethology

A newly- hatched duckling will imprint on

any large object that moves in its visual field

The viceroy butterfly has evolved a close resemblance to the monarch butterfly because monarchs

are inedible to birds

Of the different disciplines that study animals, the most recent to develop is

behavioral ecology

Which one of the following is an example of a primary defense against predators?

camouflage

The gray whale illustrates how a migrating animal

can use one site almost exclusively for feeding and the other for reproduction

Which one of the following animal classifications is NOT a group to which human beings belong?

carnivora

When the current foraging site decreases its food output, chipmunks

check alternative foraging sites

That flowering plants and insects such as honeybees have evolved together in mutual dependence is an example of

coevolution

In species that live in water, the ultimate camouflage solution is

countershading

In the history of comparative psychology, psychologists have been most concerned with

developmental causes of behavior

When an animal strikes out from its birth site to seek a new location that provides food and mating opportunities, naturalists call this journey

dispersal

When sun, star, and landmark cues are made unavailable to homing pigeons, the birds

find their way using geomagnetic cues

Compared to biologists, animal psychologists tend to

focus more on laboratory experimentation

Those behaviors that an animal uses to find and capture the food it needs are included in

foraging

The food of leaf cutter ants is

fungus to which they feed the chewed up leaves

The nearest group of animals to which a species belongs is its

genus

Catocala moths are unusual in that their wings

have both camouflage and warning displays

In his studies of honeybees, Karl Von- Frisch discovered

how bees can communicate with one another by doing a kind of dance

Functional causes of animal behavior focus on

how that behavior was learned during development

In medieval times, bestiaries were

illustrated books of factual and fictional animals

Peppered moths studied by Kettlewell illustrate

industrial melanism

The most successful group hunters on the African plains are

lions

Relative to most prey species, predators often have

longer periods of learning and development

The knowledge an animal has about its current location relative to the goal of its migration is the animal's

map sense

The study of Kacelnik (1984) of foraging in starlings showed that the "currency" for parent starlings is

maximizing rate of food delivery to their young

Recent evidence shows that the number of Canada lynx in the wils

may be affected by the number of snowshoe hares

Pikas will feed exclusively on

mediocre to poor sites near their nests

When a prey species comes to resemble something dangerous to a predator, this is

mertensian mimicry

An animal's periodic journey to a place that alternates with a return to the original place is

migration

Zach's (1979) study of crows and whelks in Canada showed that crows choose a dropping height that

minimizes the total vertical flight per whelk

When birds dive and chirp at other animals that approach their nests, this is called

mobbing

After World War II, Lorenz, Tinbergen, and Von Frisch did work that became the founding of

modern ethology

One disadvantage of migrating each year rather than not migrating is that the migrator

must compete for a new territory each year

The explanatory idea at the center of Darwin's theory of evolution was

natural selection

Bats probably developed migration in response to

needs for their food, insects

During the winter months monarch butterflies

neither fly nor eat

Squirrels and chipmunks store up food to

occasionally eat from their stores in the water

About what proportion of all bird species have some kind of migratory movement each year?

one half

When wolves encounter a moose in the wild, the wolves

only rarely capture a healthy, adult moose

Using familiar landmarks to find one's way from one place to another is called

piloting

In baleen whales, the baleens are

plates which filter out small crustaceans for food

The environmental stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern in an animal is called a

sign stimulus

A hedgehog protects itself by

smearing a toad's toxin all over its body

A movement in biology which focuses on the biological roots of social behavior in animals is

sociobiology

Wolf packs typically capture their prey by

stealth and ambush

Once a Thompson's gazelle detects a cheetah, it may

stot

The decision on "what to eat?" depends on

the availability of the most preferred foods

During the medieval period, thinking about the nature of humans and animals was dominated by

the doctrine of mind-body dualism

After a group of lions bring down a large prey animal, who eats first?

the dominant males in the pride

Proximate causes of animal behavior focus on

the immediate circumstances that lead to a behavior

In most birds their biological clocks are set by

the photoperiod

The evolutionary arms race between two species will remain stable over a long period of time when

the prey species stays ahead of the predator species through its capacity to produce more offspring

With John B. Watson, American psychology began

the rise of behaviorism

The freezing defensive strategy used by the opossum is called

tonic immobility

In general, most species of bats

use echolocation to find prey

Birds that migrate primarily at night

use the positions of stars to navigate

Even when pigeons can not see landmarks, they can

use the sun to find their way home