COMPLETE ECE Enviro Final Prep

Use Figure 19-4. What is the approximate annual rate of change in emissions for developing nations over the period of time illustrated in the graph? A. 0.2 Gt CO2 per year B. 0.5 Gt CO2 per year C. 1 Gt CO2 per year D. 1.5 Gt CO2 per year E. 2.5 Gt CO2 per year

0.5 Gt CO 2 per year

Which of the following is true about anthropogenic sources of methane production? I. Raising livestock is one of the biggest anthropogenic sources of methane II. Methane production increases when wetlands are destroyed III. Anthropogenic methane does not contribute to heat retention a. I only b. II only c. III only d. II and III e. I, II, and III

A. I only

Global dimming is a phenomenon whereby incoming solar energy is reflected back into space prior to hitting the Earth's surface. A non-anthropogenic source of this dimming could be from a. heightened volcanic ash in the atmosphere b. soot from coal fired power plants c. methane emissions from livestock d. forests burned for conversion to agriculture e. decreased reflectivity of snow and ice from particulates

A. heightened volcanic ash from the atmosphere

Use Figure 19-4. Which of the following is the MOST reasonable explanation of the trends shown in the graph? A. Developing nations refuse to incorporate renewable energy measures. B. An increase in the middle class of developing nations increases demand for fossil fuel. C. Oil in developing nations is no longer shipped to developed nations. D. The United States continues to refuse to sign the Kyoto Protocol. E. China implements more strict population measures.

B. An increase in the middle class of developing nations increases demand for fossil fuel.

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreement or legislation gives the EPA the authority to regulate CO2 emissions in the USA? A. The Clean Water Act B. The Clean Air Act C. The Montreal Protocol D. The Kyoto Protocol E> The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

B. The Clean Air Act

Scientists can hypothesize the anthropogenic contribution to global temperature change by comparing recent temperatures to historical values. A physical test for this comparison is done using a. organismal concentration in ocean sediments b. changes in isotopic oxygen found in ice cores c. carbon-14 dating d. biogeochemical cycling e. paleoclimate models

B. changes in isotopic oxygen found in ice cores

Excluding wetlands, an abundant, non-anthropogenic source of methane in the atmosphere is from A. domestic livestock. B. termites. C. sugar cane production. D. photosynthetic activity. E. aerobic soils.

B. termites

Which of the following choices represents the top three nations for per capita emission of carbon dioxide? A. Canada, China, the United States B. Australia, the United States, Canada C. The United States, China, India D China, Germany, the United States E.. The United STates, RUssia, Australia

C

Using Figure 19-3, ignoring CO2 emission caused by fossil fuel use, which would be the best practice reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gases? A. Eliminate the use of ozone-depleting chemicals B. Convert wetlands into agricultural land C. Institute policies that reduce deforestation worldwide D. Increase the use of nitrogen based fertilizer E. Subsidize logging in the Pacific Northwest

C. Institute policies that reduce deforestation worldwide

What is the only developed country that has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol? A. Russia B. France C. The United States D. France E. Japan

C. The United States

Which of the following is not an example of how global warming has disrupted living organisms? A. earlier flowering of many plant species B. mistiming of bird hatching with emergence of insect prey c. increased coloration of certain flowering plants d. expansion of the growing season e. delayed hibernation for terrestrial mammals

C. increased coloration of certain flowering plants

Particulate matter may have an impact on global surface temperatures because as soot lands on snow and ice surfaces, the absorption of thermal energy increases with a decrease in A. evaporation B. Condensation C. Sublimation D. Albedo E. Solar flares

D. Albedo

Which of the following nations is responsible for the most carbon emissions on an annual basis? A. India B. Germany C. The United States D. China E. Russia

D. China

If the ice cap at the North Pole continues to shrink, which of the following is NOT a likely outcome? A. Polar bears could decline or become extinct B. Seal populations would likely increase C. Arctice fox populations would be negatively affected D. Penguin populations would increase E. Indifenous people would lose a food source

D. Penguin populations would increase

Which of the following fuels would release the most carbon dioxide in producing a given amount of energy? A. Natural gas B. Nuclear power C. Hydropower D. Oil E. coal

E. Coal

In some cases, increased global temperatures have caused an extension in growing seasons and thus annual primary productivity. Which of the following would be most likely to cause this trend to cease? a. Higher amounts of grazing by herbivores b. increased crop yields by humans c. greater supply of genetically modified organisms d. build-up of soil organic matter driven by decomposition e. loss of soil moisture because of heightened evaporation and lower regional precipitation

E. loss of soil moisture because of heightened evaporation and lower regional precipitation

Which of the following greenhouse gases has the highest warming potential relative to carbon dioxide? A. Methane B. Nitrous oxide C. Chlorofluorocarbons D. Carbon Monoxide E. Ozone

Methane

Which greenhouse gas is not correctly paired with one of its sources a. Nitrous oxide: landfills b. Methane: termites c. Water vapor: evaporation d. Nitrous oxide: Automobiles e. Co2: deforestation

Nitrous oxide: Landfills

Which of the following activities causes a cooling of Earth Volcanic eruptions Emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases Evaporation of water vapor Combustion of fossil fuels Deforestation

Volcanic eruptions

Which of the following would provide the most ecologically sound approach to sequestering carbon that has already been emitted into the atmosphere? a. converting methane-emitting wetlands into agricultural land b. allowing agricultural fields to become pasture or forest c. introducing termite bio-controls to reduce the production of methane d. interrupting bacterial respiration to reduce carbon output e. applying nitrates to oceans to simulate algal growth and thus photosynthetic activity

b. allowing agricultural fields to become pasture or forest

A negative health consequence of increased surface temperatures would be best represented by which of the following: a. a reduction in winter influenza b. an increase in geographic range of disease causing pests c. a decrease in groundwater access d. an increase in the duration of growing season e. an increased rate of forest succession

b. an increase in geographic range of disease causing pests

Which of the following is likely to be the most difficult hurdle to overcome from current and future sea level rise? a. an increase in wetland area b. compensating for mass migration of coastal people c. lack of aquatic transportation d. an increase in seafood production e. reduction of annual hurricane precipitation in coastal zones

b. compensating for mass migration of coastal people

An indirect anthropogenic release of methane is manifested by a. melting of Arctic permafrost b. decreasing termite activity c. greater concentration of atmospheric soot d. increased wind farm activity in the northern latitudes e. reduced tropical deforestation

b. decreasing termite activity

Which statement about global warming is true? (a) The planet is not warming. (b) The planet is warming, but humans have not played a role. (c) The planet has had many periods of warming and cooling in the past. (d) Greenhouse gases compose only a small fraction of the atmosphere, so they cannot be important in causing global warming. (e) Such small increases in average global temperatures could not cause any important effects on polar bears.

c

Which statement about feedback loops that occur with climate change is true? (a) All feedback loops are positive. (b) All feedback loops are negative. (c) Increased soil decomposition under warmer temperatures represents a positive feedback loop. (d) Increased evaporation under warmer temperatures represents a negative feedback loop. (e) Increased plant growth under higher CO2 concentrations represents a positive feedback loop

c. Increased soil decomposition under warmer temperatures represents a positive feedback loop

A method utilized to combating global warming by removing already emitted greenhouse gas is termed: a. carbon disassociation b. thermal stratification c. carbon sequestration d. methano-genesis e. cogeneration

c. carbon sequestration

Ocean currents are major heat distribution mechanisms for the planet and thus have a large impact on regional climate. Of the following events, which would be most likely to disrupt the thermohaline cycling of ocean currents, causing much of Europe to experience much colder temperatures? a. Coral bleaching releasing carbonate into the water b. Increased whale harvest removing radiant loss from mammals c. melting of Greenland ice sheets d. Addition of salt run-off from salinized Middle Eastern soil e. reduced continental run-off of freshwater simulated by drought conditions

c. melting of Greenland ice sheets

A greenhouse gas that results from natural anaerobic processes typically associated with saturated soil conditions found in wetlands (hint: you can smell this) would be: a. ozone b. cholofluorocarbon c. methane d. hydrogen sulfide e. nitrogen gas

c. methane

Increased global temperatures will present many potential health problems. One of these is the possibility of heat related moralities. Which of the following would most likely experience acute increases in heat related mortality in the future? a. Rural residents b. Tropical Africa c. Urban areas of developed nations d. Latitudes greater than 60 degrees e. tropical island nations

c. urban areas of developed nations

In regard to the greenhouse effect, which statement is not true? (a) Ultraviolet and visible radiation are converted to infrared radiation at the surface of Earth. (b) Approximately one-third of the radiation of the Sun does not enter the atmosphere of Earth. (c) Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases. (d) Greenhouse gases were not historically present in the atmosphere. (e) Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by ozone.

d

Of the following factors, which ones are important when considering the effect of a greenhouse gas on global warming? I: How much infrared radiation the gas can absorb II: How long the gas remains in the atmosphere III: The concentration of the gas in the atmosphere (a) I(b) I and II(c) I and III(d) II and III(e) I, II, and III

e

Which sources of data have been used to assess changes in global CO2 and temperature? I Air bubbles in ice cores from glaciers II Thermometers placed around the globe III CO2sensors placed around the globe (a) I(b) I and II(c) I and III(d) II and III(e) I, II, and III

e

Which type of livestock causes the greatest greenhouse gas emission per animal? a. beef cattle b. dairy cattle c. swine d. poultry e. it is impossible to tell from the data given

e. it is impossible to tell from the data given

The most reasonable approach to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases in the long term would be: a. imposing global limits on family size b. placing embargos on the shipment of oil to developing nations c. removing taxes on gasoline, thus lowering consumer prices d. threatening military action to any non-Kyoto nation e. subsidizing the development and application of renewable energy

e. subsidizing the development and application of renewable energy

Greenhouse gas emission by livestock category in 2005 Animal Type Total CO2 emission equivalent (millions of metric tons) Beef cattle 168.3 Dairy cattle 51.2 Swine 21.0 Poultry 3.1 Use the information above: In 2005, there were approximately 60.6 million swine in the U.S. About how much emissions did EACH of these swine produce? • 0.035 metric tons • 0.35 metric tons • 3.5 metric tons • 35 metric tons • 3500 metric tons.

• 0.35 metric tons

Use Figure 19-2. What is the approximate increase between carbon dioxide levels 150,000 years ago and carbon dioxide levels today? • 25% • 50% • 75% • 100% • 150%

• 100%

Use Figure 19-2. The difference between the present observed carbon dioxide concentration and the concentration 400,000 years ago is closest to • 20 ppm. • 35 ppm. • 60 ppm. • 90 ppm. • 120 ppm.

• 120 ppm.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in 1958 was 310 ppm and rose to 390 ppm in 2009. The percent increase in carbon dioxide over this period of time is closest to • 20% • 25% • 55% • 70% • 80%

• 25%

Use Figure 19-2. Between 400,000 and 10,000 years ago, the highest CO2 concentration was approximately • 380 ppm. • 320 ppm. • 290 ppm. • 200 ppm. • 180 ppm.

• 290 ppm.

Which of the following phenomena is a major cause of increasing greenhouse gas production? • A weakening economy leading to less efficient energy usage. • An increasing global population, which is also becoming increasingly affluent. • A more intense Atlantic hurricane season. • A thinning of stratospheric ozone causing an increase in UV radiation. • Higher evaporation rates due to greater area of impervious surfaces.

• An increasing global population, which is also becoming increasingly affluent.

Although the average global temperature over the last 120 years has increased by 0.8 degreesC, some parts of the globe have experienced a decline in temperatures. The area that has experienced the most pronounced decrease is • the Atlantic Ocean. • the North Pole. • Antarctica. • the equator. • Europe.

• Antarctica.

Greenhouse gas emission by livestock category in 2005 Animal Type Total CO2 emission equivalent (millions of metric tons) Beef cattle 168.3 Dairy cattle 51.2 Swine 21.0 Poultry 3.1 Use the information above: Which type of livestock causes the greatest overall greenhouse gas emissions? • Beef cattle • Dairy cattle • Swine • Poultry • It is impossible to tell from the data given.

• Beef cattle

Which of the following gases is the greatest overall contributor to the greenhouse effect? • Carbon Dioxide • Methane • Ozone • Nitrous oxide • Chlorofluorocarbons

• Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following greenhouse gases does not exist naturally? • Carbon dioxide • Nitrous oxide • Chlorofluorocarbons • Methane • Ozone

• Chlorofluorocarbons

Which of the following energy sources is a chief contributor to greenhouse gas emissions as well as increasing environmental mobility of mercury? • Nuclear power • Wind power • Coal • Natural gas cogeneration • Hydropower

• Coal

Which of the following natural disasters in the United States can be at least partly attributed to global warming? • Hurricane Katrina • Gulf Oil Spill • Love Canal • Exxon Valdez Oil Spill • Eruption of Mount St. Helens

• Hurricane Katrina

Which of the following can be considered reasonable hypotheses to explain the recent trend in warming of surface temperatures globally? I. If greenhouse gas concentrations increase in the troposphere, then surface temperatures will increase. II. If the area of polar ice increases, then the surface temperatures will increase. III. If incoming solar radiation is greater than the release of outgoing infrared radiation, then surface temperatures will increase. • I • II • I and III • II and III • I, II and III

• I and III

Which of the following could be considered a positive feedback loop contributing to increased global temperatures? I. High temperatures lead to increased decomposer activity. II. An increase in soil loss leads to a decrease in light penetration in adjacent streams. III. Increased CO2 stimulates plant growth • I • II • I and II • I and III • II and III

• I and III

Which of the following best describes the class of compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)? I. Volcanic eruptions release them into the atmosphere. II. They are known ozone depleters. III. They were targeted for banning in 1987 as part of the Montreal Protocol. • I only • II only • I and III • II and III • I, II and III

• II and III

Which of the following organizations was created by the UN to monitor, understand, and estimate the global impact of climate change? • Montreal Protocol • EPA • IUCN • IPCC • Peace Corps

• IPCC

Use Figure 19-3. Ignoring CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel use, which would be the best practice to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gases? • Eliminate the use of ozone-depleting chemicals. • Convert wetlands into agricultural land. • Institute policies that reduce deforestation worldwide. • Increase the use of nitrogen based fertilizer. • Subsidize logging in the Pacific northwest.

• Institute policies that reduce deforestation worldwide.

An attempt at global collaboration in curbing greenhouse gas emissions was demonstrated by the • Clean Air Act. • Kyoto Protocol. • Montreal Protocol. • Natural Resource Defense Council • Environmental Protection Agency.

• Kyoto Protocol.

Which of the following molecules is not considered a greenhouse gas? • Carbon dioxide • Ozone • Nitrogen • Methane • Chloroflurocarbon

• Nitrogen

Use Figure 19-3. Which of the following processes would likely contribute the most to the greenhouse effect? • Raising of livestock • Ignoring the Montreal Protocol • Supporting slash and burn agriculture • Stimulating microbial digestion of organic matter • Usage of hydrocarbon fuel for energy

• Usage of hydrocarbon fuel for energy

The concentration of which of the following greenhouse gases is LEAST affected by human activity? • Water vapor • Carbon dioxide • Chlorofluorocarbons • Methane • Carbon monoxide

• Water vapor

The loss of glaciers could directly cause • an increase in permafrost. • a decrease in storm intensity. • a lowering of the mosquito line in highland areas. • a decline in seasonal drinking water supplies. • an increase in water filtration capabilities.

• a decline in seasonal drinking water supplies.

Particulate matter may have an impact on global surface temperatures because as soot lands on snow and ice surfaces, the absorption of thermal energy increases with a decrease in • evaporation. • condensation. • sublimation. • albedo. • phototrasmittance

• albedo.

An approach to combating global warming by removing already-emitted greenhouse gas is termed • carbon disassociation. • thermal stratification. • carbon sequestration. • methanogenesis. • cogeneration.

• carbon sequestration.

Oceans are a global sink for carbon dioxide. This is a concern because as global temperatures increase, the oceans ability to retain carbon dioxide will tend to • increase slightly. • remain unchanged. • double. • decrease. • triple.

• decrease.

Per capita carbon emissions tend to be highest in • developed nations. • developing nations. • South America. • Eurasia. • Africa.

• developed nations.

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to polar bears? • hunting • tainted seal meat • pollution • global warming • predation

• global warming

Soils contain a large amount of stored carbon. The current and expected increase in temperature is likely to stimulate a positive feedback mechanism driven by • increased plant growth. • increased activity of decomposers in soils. • heightened soil erosion. • soil salinization. • loss of groundwater recharge.

• increased activity of decomposers in soils.

An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the troposphere will lead to the reduction in heat radiated back to space in the form of • infrared radiation. • visible light. • gamma radiation. • ultraviolet light. • cosmic rays.

• infrared radiation.

What is the only developed country that has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol? • Russia • France • the United States • France • Japan

• the United States