CPCE Review

Spiritual Identity Development Model

(Poll and Smith) 1) Pre-Awareness : spirituality is not important 2) Awakening : ppl becpme aware of themselves or question themselves as spiritual beings 3) Recognition : spiritiuality is integrated into life experiences, spiritual practices are developed 4) Integration : spirituality is synthesized with the overall self-concept during this time

divergent vs. convergent thinking

..., Divergent - CREATIVE: the ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions Convergent - Less creative: the ability to produce response that is based primarily on knowledge and logic.

Ethical Decision Making model

1. Define the problem emotionally and intellectually 2. Apply the ASCA Ethical Standards and the law 3. Consider the students' chronological and developmental levels 4. Consider the setting, parental rights and minors' rights 5. Apply the moral principles 6. Determine Your potential courses of action and their consequences 7. Evaluate the selected action 8. Consult 9. Implement the course of action 10. Take action

three stages of infants exposed to prolonged separations

protest: baby refuses to accept separation and cries despair: infant seems to give up all hope of summoning caretaker and becomes withdrawn Detachment: baby begins to accept attention from others and seems less happy. when caretaker comes back, baby is unintersted.

Konrad Lorenz

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

Filial Piety

respect for parents shown by the Asian Culture

Four patterns of attachment

secure insecure-anxious-avoidant insecure-anxious-resistant disorganized, disoriented

X-linked diseases

sex-linked diseases

Stranger anxiety is greatest at what age?

starts at 6 months 7-9 months..separation anxiety peaks in toddlerhood

What was the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

the bell

continuous development

the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller Ex: Skinner's operant conditioning

reticular activating system

the part of the brain that is involved in attention, sleep, and arousal

reciprocal inhibition

the presence of one emotional state can inhibit the occurrence of another, such as joy preventing fear or anxiety inhibiting pleasure basically a person cannot engage in 2 mutually exclusive events at the same time (i.e. being anxious and being happy at once) created by joseph wolfe

identity diffusion

the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way

identity foreclosure

the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives

Scaffolding

the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

nativist approach to language

the theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development Chomsky

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Tripartite Model of multicultural counseling

three components: awareness, knowledge, skill

cultural oppression

upholding one particular culture as ideal, while devaluing other cultures as inferior

discontinuous development

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages Ex: Piaget, Erikson

Tertiary Oppression

when minority group members adopt the majority opinion so they fit in INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION

Vygotsky

zone of proximal development and scaffolding

Noam Chomsky

language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language

Cross's Nigrescence Model

1. Pre-encounter: African-Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as being more desirable and would view a doctor of this race as being more skilled 2. Immersion-Emmersion: Someone in this stage would view the majority Caucasian culture with resentment and distrust and prefer to be treated by someone of his or her own race. 3. Internalization Stage: integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices.

Effective modeling to bandura

1. attention 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation

Cass's Model of Homosexual Identity Development

1. identity confusion 2. identity comparison 3. identity tolerance 4. identity acceptance 5. identity pride 6. identity synthesis

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

The brain usually reaches its adult weight by the time a person is

16

B.F Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box

FERPA

1974 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (Buckley Amendment). Assures confidentiality of student records. Parents are afforded rights to examine, review, request changes if inaccurate, and stipulate person who has access.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

positive reinforcement

ADDING the stimulus Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

example of institutional racism

limited representation of positively represented people of color in textbooks

The american counseling association was originally named

America Personnel and Guidance Association

___ is not a founding member of ACA

American School Counselor Association (ASCA)

Assimilation vs. Accommodation

Assimilation: Information that fits into previous knowledge. Accommodation: takes new information and changes previous knowledge to fit new stuff in. all four-legged animals are "doggies" vs. "doggies" are different than "kitties"

The most recently established division of ACA is

Association for child and adolescent counseling (ACAC)

language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called a. surface structures b. global structures c. deep structures d. intrinsic structures

C. Deep Structures

The social influence model espouses that a counselor should have __________ for maximum influence

CREDIBILITY

ASERVIC began as an association for counselors who were

Catholic

Chi Sigma Iota

Counseling academic and professional honor society international

identity moratorium

Describes a person actively attempting to develop a unique set of values and an understanding of self in society

active theories

Developmental theories that portray people as active in regulating or governing their behavior. (erikson's)

Retroactive inhibition (interference)

Difficulty in recalling learned information because of something learned after the information one is trying to recall.

What was originally known as the Buckley Amendment?

FERPA

Regressive interactions

marked by differentiated social status of the participants with the participant of higher social power exhibiting a less complex ego status

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

observed child's behavior when mom was present, when mom left, when "stranger" enters, and when mom returns (reunion was most important)

Most widely cited racial identity development model

Helm's White

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

Holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development

zone of proximal development

In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction

What stage do children learn to use defense mechanisms?

Latency

Minnesota model is different than motivational interviewing how?

MM: less research, forceful and confrontational, focus on pathology MI: heavily supported by research, resistance is natural, elicit congruence between actions and goals

hierarchy of needs theory

Maslow's theory that human needs - physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization - form a sort of hierarchy

Largest group making up Latin Americans

Mexicans

What population is the smallest in the US?

Native Americans

delayed conditioning (MOST EFFECTIVE!)

Neutral Stimulus presented before the Unconditioned stimulus and remains until the Unconditioned response begins. Eg. Tone presented before food.

Social Play Categories

Nonsocial activity Parallel Play Associative play cooperative play

OARS acronym

Open-ended questions Affirmation statements Reflection statements Summarizing statements

Levels of Oppression

Primary: individual acts of oppression Secondary: benefits individuals receive based on other's acts of oppression Tertiary: Internalized Oppression

proactive inhibition/interference

old learning interferes with new learning; can't remember new learning

anabolism

part of biological aging: body building to peak potential

negative reinforcement

REMOVING the stimulus Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

Ego Development (Jane Loevinger)

Refers to the complexity with which a person experiences him or herself and the world

CRCC certifies the following type of counselor

Rehabilitation counselors

acculturation model

The process of adapting a new culture; the new language is seen as tied to the way the learners community and the target language community view one another.

Reactive Theories

Theories of human development, such as Skinner's operant conditioning, that propose that people are passive and react to environmental stimuli to accommodate to changes.

Coming out process

Typically go through stages: sensitization, awareness with confusion, denial, guilt and shame and acceptance.

Colorism

prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.

simultaneous conditioning

a classical conditioning procedure in which the CS and the US are presented at the same time on each conditioning trial

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Sociometry

a research method in which students rate the social status of other students SPONTANEITY and CREATIVITY are necessary

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

holophrase

a word used by an infant to express a complete idea babies become adept at that at 1.5 yrs

motivational interviewing has mainly been used in

addictions counseling

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities

When working with an 8 year old child in a non school setting, it is commonly necessary to obtain

assent from child and informed consent from parent

Ethical codes

autonomy nonmaleficence beneficence justice fidelity

Freud's stages of psychosexual development

based on tensions caused by the libido, with failure at any given stage leading to fixation oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Edward Thorndike

behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence

John B. Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

catabolism

breaking down part of biological aging : body deteriorating towards death

NECA and NCDA

career counseling

John Bowlby's Attachment Theory

children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

When a client discloses that she has been a victim of abuse, the counselor's first step should be to...

commonly mandated to report to law enforcement

social influence model

created by Strong and compassed two counselor pieces, credibility or the expertise and trustworthiness of the counselor and interpersonal attractiveness or how the counselor shows the client that the counselor has likes or commonalities with client

Why do people forget?

decay, retrieval failure, interference

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

Dollard and Miller

drive theorists who looked at different types of conflict

autosomal disorder

genetic disorder that caused by faulty allele that lies on autosomal chromosomes sickle cell anemia is an example

Intelligence is accounted for mostly by a person's

genetics

Animism

giving life to a lifeless object

The most primitive part of the brain

hindbrain (Brain stem)

Three parts of the brain

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) Books ("book" and S"' = 2 morphemes)

poor retrieval theory

information is held in long term storage forever but we have insufficient cues to retrieve the information