Criminology Ch 13 slides
Green Collar crime
Forms: Illegal logging, which involves harvesting, processing and transporting timber or wood products in violation of existing laws and treaties Illegal Wildlife Exports include the smuggling of wildlife across national borders Illegal Fishing occurs when ship sign on to their home nation's rules but then choose to ignore their scope and boundary, or operate in a country's waters without permission or on the high seas without a flag Illegal Dumping-hazardous or nonhazardous materials that are discarded in an effort to avoid either disposal fees or the time and effort required for proper disposal Illegal polluting- the intentional or negligent discharge of a toxic or contaminating substance into the biosyjtem that is known to have an adverse effect on the natural environment or life
White collar client fraud
Theft by a client from an organization that advances credit to its clients or sometimes reimburses them for services rendered Health care fraud: billing for more expensive services or procedures than provided, performing medically necessary services and/or misrepresenting non-covered treatments as medically necessary for purposes of obtaining insurance payments Kickbacks and self-referrals: prohibited by federal law
Edwin Sutherland's definition of white collar crime
a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation
Embezzlement and employee fraud
blue collar pilferage: theft of company property management fraud: converting company assets for personal benefit
in addition to monetary losses, white collar crime:
damages property and kills people, destroys confidence and saps the integrity of commercial life, has potential for devastating destruction to the environment, faith in community and fabric of society
influence peddling
in govt: elected and appointed government officials are forced to resign or even to be jailed for accepting bribes to use their influence in business: business officials forcing those wishing to work with the company to pay a bribe or kickback to gain a contract
white collar chiseling
involves regularly cheating people or organizations by deception or deceit professional chiseling: pharmacists subs low-cost generic drugs for more expensive ones Securities chiseling- corporate employees with direct knowledge of market-sensitive information
white collar exploitations
occurs when an individual abuses their power or position in an organization to coerce people into making payments (monetary or in-kind) to them for services to which they are already entitled
contemporary definition of white collar crime
offenses of those who are not members of the upper class, tax evasion, credit card and bankruptcy frauds, embezzlement, violations of trust, swindles, and corporate crime
white collar swindles
people use their business position to trick others out of their money (Bernard Madoff's ponzi scheme)
Types of white collar crimes include:
stings and swindles, chiseling, individual exploitation of institutional position, influence peddling and bribery, embezzlement and employee fraud, client fraud, and corporate crime
mortgage swindles
the collapse of the subprime mortgage system led to financial crisis in 2008-2009
Enterprise crime refers to two categories of crime:
white collar and green collar crime
The causes of enterprise crime
1. rational choice: greed 2. Rational choice: need 3. rationalization/neutralization view 4. Cultural view 5. self-control view
